Brown-Driver-Briggs
עָמַד520 take one's stand, stand (Late Hebrew
id.; Phoenician
עמד; Assyrian
emêdu, stand, set up; Arabic
prop up, support, and derivatives; Ethiopic
pillar;
ᵑ7 עַמּוּדָא pillar, Syriac
, Palmyrene
עמודא, compare also proper name
תימעמד; Sabean
עמד pillar, according to CIS
iv. 91 (or other derivatives from √
עמד DHM
ZMG xxxvii (1883), 5), plural
אעמדן pillars DHM
Epigr. Denkm. sus Abess. 80); —
Qal435 Perfect ׳ע Genesis 19:27 +, 3 feminine singular עָֽמְדָה 2 Kings 13:6 +, etc.; Imperfect יַעֲמֹד Exodus 21:21, יַעֲמוֺד Nahum 1:6 +, יַעֲמָדֿ 1 Samuel 16:22 +; 1 singular אֶעֱמֹ֑דָה Habakkuk 2:1, וָאֶעֱמֹד 2 Samuel 1:10; 3masculine plural יַעַמְדוּ Jeremiah 32:14 +, יַעֲמֹ֑דוּ Ezekiel 1:21 +, 2 masculine plural וַתַּעַמְדוּן Deuteronomy 4:11, etc.; Imperative עֲמֹד 1 Samuel 9:27 +, עֲמָדֿ 2 Samuel 1:9; feminine singular עִמְדִי Isaiah 47:12; Jeremiah 48:19, etc.; Infinitive absolute עָמֹד Esther 9:16; construct עֲמֹד Exodus 18:23 +, suffix עָמְדִי Jeremiah 18:20, עֲמָדְךָ Obadiah 11, etc.; Participle עֹמֵד Isaiah 3:13 +, feminine עֹמֶ֫דֶת Haggai 2:5 +, etc.; —
1. a. take one's stand, and (especially participle) stand, be in a standing attitude: with עַל by, 1 Samuel 26:13; 2 Samuel 2:25; 2 Kings 2:7 +, so participle Genesis 18:8 (J), Genesis 41:1,17 (E) +, עַל on, Exodus 3:5 (E), Deuteronomy 27:12 +; with ב location Exodus 32:26; Numbers 22:24,26 (all J E), +; with אֶל location 1 Kings 20:38 (+ לְ person), Jeremiah 48:19; Ezekiel 21:26; Ezekiel 27:29; with אֶל person 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Kings 5:25; with אֵצֶל Genesis 41:3 (E), Ezekiel 9:2; Ezekiel 10:6; Nehemiah 8:4; with לִפְנֵי Genesis 18:22; 1 Kings 3:16; 1 Kings 8:22 +; before ׳י, for intercession Genesis 19:27 (J), Deuteronomy 4:10; Jeremiah 15:1; Jeremiah 18:20, etc.; take one's stand and do a thing 1 Samuel 17:8; 1 Kings 8:55; 2 Kings 18:28 = Isaiah 36:13 +; followed by infinitive 1 Kings 8:11 2Chronicles 5:14 +.
b. stand forth (to speak, etc.) 2 Kings 10:9 +.
c. take a stand against (עַל), in opposition to, Judges 6:31; Ezra 10:15 (but stand over, = have charge of, according to KueGes. Abh. 247 f.) 2 Chronicles 26:18; compare עַלדַּֿם Leviticus 19:16 (H) against the blood of, i.e. seek one's blood, life; with יָ֑חַד Isaiah 50:8 together, i.e. against each other.
d. present oneself before (לִפְנֵי) Genesis 43:15 (J), Exodus 9:10 (E), Numbers 27:2,21 (P), 1 Samuel 16:21 +; before ׳י (in sanctuary) Deuteronomy 19:17; Jeremiah 7:10; compare Jeremiah 18:20; Leviticus 9:5 (P); so in heaven 1 Kings 22:21 2Chronicles 18:20; with ב location of child at birth Hosea 13:13, in palace (as retainer, courtier) Daniel 1:4
e. with לִפְנֵי attend upon, be(come) servant of 1 Samuel 16:22 (see Dr), 1 Kings 1:2 +; servant of ׳י 1 Kings 17:1; 1 Kings 18:15; 2 Kings 3:14; 2 Kings 5:16; Jeremiah 15:19; priests (לְשָֽׁרְתוֺׅ׳לִפְנֵי י Deuteronomy 10:8; Judges 20:28; Ezekiel 44:15; 2Chronicles 29:11; of Levites, stand before congregation for menial duties Ezekiel 44:11; Numbers 16:9 (P).
f. stand afar מֵרָחוֺק Exodus 20:18,21 (E), Isaiah 59:14; Psalm 38:12, ׳בְּר Psalm 10:1; ׳מִנֶּגֶד מֵר 2 Kings 2:7; stand aloof, מִנֶֹּגֶד Obadiah 11; Psalm 38:12.
g. stand (silent) Job 32:16.
h. stand (appealingly) Job 30:20 (but read עָמַדְתָּ, of God, Me Hi Du).
i. stand, subject רֶגֶל Zechariah 14:4 (עַל location), Psalm 122:2 (ב location) so Psalm 26:12 (figurative).
j. stand, of water, עַלהָֿרִים Psalm 104:6. See also prepositions אֶל, אֵצֶל, עַל, מִמַּעַל, עִם, etc.
2. a. stand still, stop, cease moving, of moon Joshua 10:13 (J E; "" וַיִּדֹּם), sun Joshua 10:13, both, Habakkuk 3:11; of person 1 Samuel 9:27 (opposed to עָבַר), 2 Samuel 2:28 (opposed to רָדַף), עִמְדוּ עֲמֹ֫דוּ Nahum 2:9 +; stop flowing (of oil) 2 Kings 4:6; remain standing, with תַּחְתֵּינוּ Judges 7:21; 1 Samuel 14:9 etc.; of eruption in skin = remain unchanged Leviticus 13:23,28; so (without ׳ת) Leviticus 13:5,37 (all P).
b. = be inactive 2 Chronicles 20:17 (opposed to לְהִלָּחֵם, + הִתְיַצְּבוּ).
c. = be attentive Job 37:14.
d. stop, cease doing a thing 2 Kings 13:18; with מִן Genesis 29:35; Genesis 30:9 (both J), Joel 1:15.
3. a. tarry, delay Genesis 45:9 (E), Joshua 10:19 (J E; opposed to רָדַף), 1 Samuel 20:38 (opposed to מְהֵרָה, חוּשָׁה), +.
b. remain, with ב location 2 Kings 15:20; Deuteronomy 10:10; with עִמָּדִי Deuteronomy 5:28 (opposed to שׁוּב); + infinitive purpose Esther 7:7.
c. continue, abide Jeremiah 32:14; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:27 (opposed to אָבַד); = dwell Exodus 8:18 (J; עַל location); לָעַד Psalm 19:10; Psalm 111:3; Psalm 111:10; Psalm 112:3; Psalm 112:9; לְעוֺלָם Psalm 33:11; Ecclesiastes 1:4; בְּתוֺךְ Haggai 2:5; of plan = be established Psalm 33:11 (earlier קוּם, as Isaiah 14:24), so Esther 3:4; Daniel 11:17 b; = maintain itself (earlier קוּם Joshua 2:11) Ecclesiastes 2:9; לֹא יַעֲמָדבִּֿי כֹחַ Daniel 10:17.
d. endure Exodus 18:23 (E), Ezekiel 22:14 ("" חָזַק).
e. be steadfast Deuteronomy 25:8; Ruth 2:7.
f. persist Ecclesiastes 8:3.
4 make a stand, hold one's ground, Amos 2:15; 2 Kings 10:4; Malachi 3:2 +; with לִפְנֵי Judges 2:14; 2 Kings 10:4 +, בִּפְנֵי Joshua 10:8; Joshua 21:44 (Ginsb; van d. H. Baer Joshua 21:42), Joshua 23:9 (all D); with עַל, for one's life Esther 8:11; Esther 9:16.
5 stand upright:
a. remain standing 2 Kings 13:6; of head 2 Kings 6:31 remain upright upon him (עָלָיו); of house (figurative of endurance) Job 8:15; Proverbs 12:7.
b. stand up, opposed to sit, Nehemiah 8:5; Job 29:8 (+ קוּם); opposed to lie prostrate Ezekiel 2:1 (עַלרַֿגְלֶיךָ), so Ezekiel 37:10 (id.), Daniel 10:1, Daniel 10:11 (עַלעָֿמְדָ֑ךָ), Esther 8:4; of revival after death Daniel 12:13 (late for קוּם).
c. stand up, rise, of water Joshua 3:13 (+ appositive נֵד אֶחָד), Joshua 3:16 (+ קָמוּ + id.; both J E).
d. be erect, upright, of boards Exodus 26:15; Exodus 36:20 (P).
6. a. arise, appear, come on the scene (= קוּם; late) Ezra 2:63 = Nehemiah 7:65; Psalm 106:30 (compare Ecclus 47:1; Ecclus 47:12), especially Daniel 8:22 (twice in verse); Daniel 8:23; Daniel 11:2,3,4; Daniel 12:1, compare Daniel 11:7 (כַּנּוֺ), Daniel 11:20; Daniel 11:21 (עַלכַּֿנּוֺ); with תַּחַת instead of Ecclesiastes 4:15; of war 1 Chronicles 20:4, deliverance Esther 4:14.
b. stand forth, appear = come into being Isaiah 48:13; Psalm 33:9; Psalm 119:90.
c. rise up as foe (earlier קום Amos 7:9; Genesis 4:8), with עַל against 1 Chronicles 21:1; 2Chronicles 20:23; Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:14,
c. לְנֶגְדִּי against Daniel 10:13.
7 rare usages are:
a. אֶתֿ ׳ע stand with, as attendant, servitor Genesis 45:1 (E), Numbers 1:5 (P).
b. take one's stand in covenant, בַּבְּרִית 2 Kings 23:3.
c. stand עַלחֶֿרֶב Ezekiel 33:26 (resort to the sword).
d. stand ׳בְּסוֺד י Jeremiah 23:18,22 (see סוֺד).
e. be appointed Ezra 10:14.
f. stand before (לִפְנֵי) beast Leviticus 18:23 (carnal intercourse)
g. grow flat, insipid (Gie), taste of wine Jeremiah 48:11 (figurative of Moab), or remain unchanged (so most, in that case compare 3b). — עָמְדִי Daniel 11:1b is corrupt, read probably עָמַדְתִּי, or עָמַד (מִיכָאֵל subject), join then to Daniel 10:21 and strike out Daniel 11:1a; so Bev Behrm MartiKau.
Hiph`il83 (compare DrIntr. (6) 535) Perfect3masculine singular הֶעֱמִיד 1 Kings 12:32 +, 2 masculine singular הֶעֱמַדְתָּה Psalm 30:8, וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֫ Numbers 3:6 +, etc., Imperfect יַעֲמִיד Proverbs 29:4 +, וַיַּעֲמֵד 2 Kings 8:1 +; 3 feminine singular suffix וַתַּעֲמִדֵנִי Ezekiel 2:2; Ezekiel 3:24, 1plural וַנַּעֲמִיד Nehemiah 4:3, etc.; Imperative הַעֲמֵד Isaiah 21:6; suffix הַעֲמִידֶהָ Ezekiel 24:11; Infinitive absolute הַעֲמֵיד Nehemiah 7:3; construct הַעֲמִיד 1 Kings 15:4 +; Participle מַעֲמִיד2Chronicles 18:34 (but see Hoph`al): —
1 station, set, with accusative Judges 16:25 (בֵּין); for duty Numbers 11:24 (E; סְבִיבֹת) 1 Kings 12:32 (ב location), 2 Chronicles 19:5 (id.), Nehemiah 13:11(עַלֿ עָמְדָם), Isaiah 21:6 + (Neh 4:7 a read perhaps
Qal, so PerlesAnal. 65), with עַל against Nehemiah 4:3.
2 cause to stand firm Psalm 18:34 = 2 Samuel 22:34 (with עַל location); maintain (opposed to overthrow) Exodus 9:16 (J), 1 Kings 15:4, compare Proverbs 29:4.
3 cause to stand up, set up, erect, with accusative + עַלרַֿגְלַי Ezekiel 2:2; Ezekiel 3:24, so עַלעָֿמְדִי Daniel 8:18; temple Ezra 2:68 (עַל location), compare 2 Chronicles 24:13; (על location, of repairs); especially doors Nehemiah 3:1 7t. Nehemiah; Asherim 2Chronicles 33:19, compare 2 Chronicles 25:14.
4 + לִפְנֵי present one before king Genesis 47:7 (P), ׳י (in sanctuary) Leviticus 14:11 3t. P, + (of goat) Leviticus 16:7, priest Leviticus 27:8 4t. P, + (of beast) Leviticus 27:11.
5 appoint Nehemiah 7:3; 1 Chronicles 15:17 + (late); with עַל over Nehemiah 13:9 +, with infinitive purpose Nehemiah 6:7 +, with 2 accusative 1 Chronicles 15:16; = assign (land) to (ל) 2 Chronicles 33:8 ("" 2 Kings 21:8 נָתַן); appoint courses of priests 2 Kings 8:14; 2Ki 31:2, compare Nehemiah 13:30; ordain commandments, עַל person Nehemiah 10:33, compare 2Chronicles 30:5; establish עַדהָֿעוֺלָם 1 Chronicles 17:14 (ב location), compare 2 Chronicles 9:8; Psalm 148:6; with accusative of covenant Psalm 105:10 = 1 Chronicles 16:17 (ל person + ל of thing); with חָזוֺן vision Daniel 11:14 (= fulfil, earlier הֵקִים).
6 other meanings:
a. אֶתמָּֿנָיו ׳ע 2 Kings 8:11 have a fixed look.
b. with accusative רַגְלַי + ב location Psalm 31:9 (figurative).
c. make to stand (in a covt.; see "" 2 Kings 23:3) 2Chronicles 34:32.
d. restore waste places Ezra 9:9.
e. + לְפָנֶיהָ Esther 4:5, i.e. make servant to.
f. cause wind to arise Psalm 107:25.
g. = raise an army Daniel 11:11,13. — 2Chronicles 18:34 see
Hoph`al; Psalm 30:8 see עֹז; Ezekiel 29:7 see מָעַד.
Hoph`al Imperfect3masculine singular יָעֳמַדֿ Leviticus 16:10 be presented (of goat), + ׳לִפְנֵי י; Participle הָיָה מָעֳמָד 1 Kings 22:35 he was caused to stand, i.e. propped up, in (ב) his chariot, so read also "" 2 Chronicles 18:34 (as ᵐ5), for ᵑ0 מַעֲמִיד. — On Perfect הָעֳמַדְתִּי see עֹז Psalm 30:8.
