Luke 19
Vincent's Word Studies
And Jesus entered and passed through Jericho.
And, behold, there was a man named Zacchaeus, which was the chief among the publicans, and he was rich.
The elders (πρεσβυτέριον)

More correctly, the assembly of the elders. So Rev.

And he sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature.
And he ran before, and climbed up into a sycomore tree to see him: for he was to pass that way.
And when Jesus came to the place, he looked up, and saw him, and said unto him, Zacchaeus, make haste, and come down; for to day I must abide at thy house.
And he made haste, and came down, and received him joyfully.
And when they saw it, they all murmured, saying, That he was gone to be guest with a man that is a sinner.
And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken any thing from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold.
And Jesus said unto him, This day is salvation come to this house, forsomuch as he also is a son of Abraham.
We found

In a judicial sense: as the result of their examination before the council.

For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost.
And as they heard these things, he added and spake a parable, because he was nigh to Jerusalem, and because they thought that the kingdom of God should immediately appear.
He said therefore, A certain nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom, and to return.
Were the more fierce (ἐπίσχυον)

Only here in New Testament. The verb means, literally, to grow strong. See on Luke 14:30; and Luke 16:3. Here the sense is, they were more energetic and emphatic. Rev., urgent. Wyc., waxed stronger.

Stirreth up (ἀνασείει)

See on Mark 15:11. The increased urgency is shown by the use of a stronger word than perverteth (Luke 23:2).

And he called his ten servants, and delivered them ten pounds, and said unto them, Occupy till I come.
Of Galilee

The best texts omit.

But his citizens hated him, and sent a message after him, saying, We will not have this man to reign over us.
Sent (ἀνέπεμψεν)

Lit., sent him up (ανα). Used of sending up to a higher court. Compare Acts 25:21, of sending Paul to Caesar. It also means to send back, as in Luke 23:11, and Plm 1:11.

And it came to pass, that when he was returned, having received the kingdom, then he commanded these servants to be called unto him, to whom he had given the money, that he might know how much every man had gained by trading.
Of a long time (ἐξ ἱκανοῦ)

See on Luke 7:6.

Hoped (ἤλπιζεν)

Imperfect; was hoping - all this long time.

Miracle (σημεῖον)

See on Matthew 11:20; and compare Acts 2:22, Rev.

Then came the first, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained ten pounds.
Many (ἱκανοῖς)

Compare long, Luke 23:8.

And he said unto him, Well, thou good servant: because thou hast been faithful in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities.
Vehemently (εὐτόνως)

Only here and Acts 18:28, of the preaching of Apollos. Originally the word means well-strung; hence, in medical language, of a well-toned body.

And the second came, saying, Lord, thy pound hath gained five pounds.
Gorgeous (λαμπρὰν)

Lit., bright or brilliant. Compare Acts 10:30; Revelation 15:6. Wyc. and Tynd., white. Mark has purple (πορφύραν), and Matthew scarlet (κοκκίνην).

Apparel (ἐσθῆτα)

The general term for raiment. Matthew specifies the garment (Matthew 27:28). Mark has simply purple (Mark 15:17).

And he said likewise to him, Be thou also over five cities.
And another came, saying, Lord, behold, here is thy pound, which I have kept laid up in a napkin:
For I feared thee, because thou art an austere man: thou takest up that thou layedst not down, and reapest that thou didst not sow.
Perverteth (ἀποστρέφοντα)

Another compound of στρέφω, to turn; διαστρέφοντα is rendered by the same word in Luke 23:2. Probably the words are used without any intentional distinction of meaning. Διαστρέφοντα implies more of the idea of distraction (compare Wyc., turning upside down); turning different ways; while ἀποστρέφοντα emphasizes the turning away (ἀπό) of the people from their civil and religious allegiance. So Wyc., turning away.

Examined (ἀνακρίνας)

Originally implying a thorough examination; ἀνά, up, from bottom to top. Technically, of a legal examination.

And he saith unto him, Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou wicked servant. Thou knewest that I was an austere man, taking up that I laid not down, and reaping that I did not sow:
Wherefore then gavest not thou my money into the bank, that at my coming I might have required mine own with usury?
Chastise (παιδεύσας)

Originally to bring up a child (παῖς). Hence, to instruct; so Acts 7:22, of Moses instructed in the wisdom of the Egyptians; and Acts 22:3, of Paul instructed in the law. To discipline or correct, as Hebrews 12:6, Hebrews 12:7. The word is not synonymous with punish, since it always implies an infliction which contemplates the subject's amendment; and hence answers to chastise or chasten. So Hebrews 12:10; Revelation 3:19. In popular speech chastise and punish are often confounded. Chasten is from the Latin castus, "pure," "chaste ;" and to chasten is, properly, to purify. This meaning underlies even the use of the word by Pilate, who was not likely to be nice in his choice of words. Instead of punishing him with death, he will chastise him, in order to teach him better. So Wyc., I shall deliver him amended.

And he said unto them that stood by, Take from him the pound, and give it to him that hath ten pounds.
(And they said unto him, Lord, he hath ten pounds.)
All together (παμπληθεὶ)

The whole multitude (πλῆθος) of them. Only here in New Testament.

Away (αἶρε)

Lit., take away. Compare Acts 21:36; Acts 22:22.

For I say unto you, That unto every one which hath shall be given; and from him that hath not, even that he hath shall be taken away from him.
Who (ὅστις)

Classifying him. One of such a kind as that he had been imprisoned, etc.

But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me.
Spake (προσεφώνησεν)

Addressed. Compare Acts 21:40; Acts 22:2. Always in the New Testament in the sense of to accost, whether an individual or a crowd.

And when he had thus spoken, he went before, ascending up to Jerusalem.
Shouted (ἐπεφώνουν)

Imperfect. Kept shouting. Used by Luke only. Compare Acts 12:22; Acts 22:24.

And it came to pass, when he was come nigh to Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount called the mount of Olives, he sent two of his disciples,
Said (εἶπεν)

Dropping the speech-making tone, and simply asking a question.

Saying, Go ye into the village over against you; in the which at your entering ye shall find a colt tied, whereon yet never man sat: loose him, and bring him hither.
They were instant (ἐπέκειντο)

Instant, in the sense of urgent, pressing. See on Luke 7:4. Compare Romans 12:12; 2 Timothy 4:2; Luke 7:4; Acts 26:7. The verb means to lie upon, and answers to our vulgarism, to lay one's self down to work. Compare Aristophanes, "Knights," 253: κἀπικείμενος βόα, roar with all your might. Lit., roar, lying down to it.

Their voices

Omit of the chief priests.

Prevailed (καίσχυον)

Had power (ἰσχύς) to bear down (κατά) the remonstrances of Pilate. Only here and Matthew 16:18.

And if any man ask you, Why do ye loose him? thus shall ye say unto him, Because the Lord hath need of him.
Gave sentence (ἐπέκρινεν)

Pronounced the final sentence. Only here in New Testament.

And they that were sent went their way, and found even as he had said unto them.
And as they were loosing the colt, the owners thereof said unto them, Why loose ye the colt?
Laid hold on (ἐπιλαβόμενοι)

Compare the peculiar word used by Matthew and Mark. See on Matthew 5:41.

And they said, The Lord hath need of him.
And they brought him to Jesus: and they cast their garments upon the colt, and they set Jesus thereon.
And as he went, they spread their clothes in the way.
And when he was come nigh, even now at the descent of the mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works that they had seen;
Hills (βουνοῖς)

Only here and Luke 3:5.

Saying, Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest.
Tree (ξύλῳ)

Originally wood, timber. In later Greek, a tree. Used of the cross by Peter, Acts 5:30; Acts 10:39; and 1 Peter 2:24. Compare Galatians 3:13.

And some of the Pharisees from among the multitude said unto him, Master, rebuke thy disciples.
Two other

The possible omission of a comma before malefactors in the A. V. might make a very awkward and unpleasant statement. Better Rev., two others, malefactors.

Put to death (ἀναιρεθῆναι)

Lit., to take up and carry away; so that the Greek idiom answers to our taken off. So Shakspeare:

"The deep damnation of his taking off."

Macbeth, i., 7.

"Let her who would be rid of him, devise

His speedy taking off."

Lear, v., 1.

And he answered and said unto them, I tell you that, if these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out.
Calvary (Κρανίον)

The Greek word is the translation of the Hebrew Golgotha. See on Matthew 27:33.

And when he was come near, he beheld the city, and wept over it,
Saying, If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes.
Beholding

See on Luke 10:18.

Scoffed

See on Luke 16:14.

If he

The A. V. does not give the contemptuous emphasis on οὗτος, this fellow.

For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side,
Coming to him

Coming up close to the cross.

Vinegar

See on Matthew 27:34.

And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation.
And he went into the temple, and began to cast out them that sold therein, and them that bought;
Superscription

See on Mark 15:26.

Saying unto them, It is written, My house is the house of prayer: but ye have made it a den of thieves.
Railed (ἐβλασφήμει)

Imperfect: kept up a railing.

And he taught daily in the temple. But the chief priests and the scribes and the chief of the people sought to destroy him,
And could not find what they might do: for all the people were very attentive to hear him.
Receive

Are receding would be better.

Amiss (ἄτοπον)

Lit., out of place, and so strange, eccentric, perverse; as in 2 Thessalonians 3:2, where it is rendered unreasonable. The expression here answers nearly to our familiar phrase, "has done nothing out of the way." Compare Acts 28:6; no harm.

Vincent's Word Studies, by Marvin R. Vincent [1886].
Text Courtesy of Internet Sacred Texts Archive.

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