1 army, host:

a. organized for war Judges 8:6; Judges 9:29 (J) Isaiah 34:2; Jeremiah 51:3; 2Chronicles 28:9; צְבָאוֺ his host Numbers 2:4,6 10t. 2 (P), לְצִבְאֹתָם Numbers 1:3,52; Numbers 2:3,9 11t. Numbers 2:10; Numbers 33:1 (P); ׳אַלְפֵי הצ Numbers 31:48 (P); ישׂראל ׳צ2Chronicles 25:7; ׳חֵיל (ה)צ 1 Chronicles 20:1; 2Chronicles 26:13; ׳גְּדוּדֵי צ 1 Chronicles 7:4; כלהֿצבא 2 Samuel 3:23; 2 Samuel 10:7; 1 Chronicles 19:8; 2Chronicles 26:14; ׳(ה)צ שַׂר captain of (the) host Genesis 21:22,32 (E) Genesis 26:26 (J) Judges 4:2,7; 1 Samuel 12:9 21t.; (ה)צבא שָׂרֵי 1 Kings 1:25 (but read שַׂר), 1 Chronicles 25:1; 1 Chronicles 26:26; 2Chronicles 33:11; ׳שָׂרִים בצ 1 Chronicles 12:22; (ה)צבאות שָׂרֵי Deuteronomy 20:9; 1 Kings 2:5; 1 Chronicles 27:3; ׳רָאשֵׁי הצ 1 Chronicles 12:14; מַלְכֵי צבאות Psalm 68:13; ׳(ה)צ עַל over the host (as captain) Numbers 10:14,15 10t. Numbers 10 (P), 2 Samuel 8:16 = 1 Chronicles 18:15; 2 Samuel 17:25; 1 Kings 2:35; 1 Kings 4:4; אלֿ ׳כל הצ 2 Samuel 20:23 (אל for על); עַלצִֿבְאֹתָם Exodus 6:26; Exodus 12:51 (P); הוציא צבאות lead out armies Exodus 7:4; Exodus 12:17 (P); ׳יצא צ army goes forth (to war) Exodus 12:41; 1 Chronicles 7:11; לֹא תֵצֵא בְּצִבְאוֺתֵינוּ Psalm 44:10, of ׳י going with our armies = Psalm 60:12 = Psalm 108:12; figurative of great number, צבא רב Psalm 68:12. — On חֲלִיפוֺת וְצָבָא Job 10:17 see Di; Bu proposes תַּחֲלֵף צְבָאֲ(ךָׅ i.e. thou dost renew (thine) army against me.

b. host (organized body) of angels (compare Luke 2:13), צבא השׁמים (כל) all the host of heaven 1 Kings 22:19 2Chronicles 18:18; Nehemiah 9:6; כל צבאיו Psalm 103:21; Psalm 148:2; צבא הַמָּרוֺם Isaiah 24:21 host of the high (angle-princes; "" earthly monarchs); צבא השׁמים Daniel 8:10, הצבא Daniel 8:10 (al. v^{b figurative of Israel}); ׳י ׳שׂר צ captain of the host of ׳י Joshua 5:14,15 (theophanic angel); שׂר הצבא Daniel 8:11 (angel-prince of Israel, others, God).

c. of sun, moon and stars, כלצבא השׁמים Deuteronomy 4:19; Deuteronomy 17:3; 2 Kings 17:16; 2 Kings 21:3,5 2Chronicles 33:3,5; 2 Kings 23:4,5; Jeremiah 8:2; Jeremiah 19:13 (all as objects of worship), Isaiah 34:4; השׁמים ׳צ Jeremiah 33:22; Zephaniah 1:5; כל צבאם Nehemiah 9:6; Psalm 33:6; Isaiah 34:4; Isaiah 45:12; צבאם Isaiah 40:26. — Jeremiah 3:19 see I. צְבִי.

d. of the entire creation, כל צבאם Genesis 2:1.

2 war, warfare, service: יָצָא צָבָא go out to war Numbers 1:3,20 12t. Numbers 1; Numbers 26:2 (P) 1 Chronicles 5:18; 1 Chronicles 7:11; 1 Chronicles 12:33; 1 Chronicles 12:36; 2Chronicles 25:5; 26:11; ׳יצא בצ Numbers 31:36 (P) Deuteronomy 24:5; ׳יצא לצ Numbers 31:27,28 (P); ׳עלה לצ go up to war Joshua 22:12,33 (P); ׳בא מצ come from war Numbers 31:14; 2Chronicles 28:12; ׳קבץ לצ 1 Samuel 28:1; ׳שׁלח לצ Numbers 31:4,6 (twice in verse) (P) התיחשׂם ׳בּצ 1 Chronicles 7:40; תִנָּתֵן ׳צ Daniel 8:12; ׳אַנְשֵׁי (ה)צ men of war Numbers 31:21,53 (P) 1 Chronicles 12:8, compare ׳עַם הצ Numbers 31:32(P); see also II. חלץ; ׳גִבּוֺרֵי חַיִל לצ 1 Chronicles 12:25; ׳כְּלֵי צ 1 Chronicles 12:37 instruments of war.

3 service:

a. of Levites in sacred places Numbers 4:3,23,30,35,39,43; Numbers 8:24,25; קֹדֶשׁ וְצָבָא Daniel 8:13 (al. as Daniel 8:11, 1b).

b. of hard service of troubled life Job 7:1; Job 14:14; Isaiah 40:2; Daniel 10:1.

4 צְבָאוֺת, in name of ׳י as God of war, probably first in time of warlike David (some connect with sacred ark, but ark older), explained יהוה צבאות אֱלֹחֵי מערכות ישׂראל 1 Samuel 17:45 ׳י Sebaoth God of the battle array of Israel (the thought of angels and stars as army of God is later);

a. earliest form with article: אֱלֹהֵי הַצְּבָאוֺת ׳י Amos 3:13; Amos 6:14; Amos 9:5 (אֱלֹהֵי omitted by error, compare We), Hosea 12:6.

b. without article, definite by usage, אֱלֹהֵי צְבָאוֺת ׳י 2 Samuel 5:10; Amos 5:14,15,16; Amos 6:8; 1 Kings 19:10,14; Jeremiah 5:14; Jeremiah 15:16; Psalm 89:9; אֱלֹהֵי צְבָאֹת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ׳י Jeremiah 35:17; Jeremiah 38:17; Jeremiah 44:7; 1 Samuel 7:27 = 1 Chronicles 17:24; Isaiah 21:10; Isaiah 37:16; Isaiah 1st אֱלֹהֵי omitted Jeremiah 7:3,21 30t. Jeremiah; Zephaniah 2:9; אלהי ישׂראל ׳אלהים צ ׳י Psalm 59:6 (אלהים variant of ׳י); שְׁמוֺ ׳צ ׳א ׳י, ׳י God of hosts his name Amos 4:13; Amos 5:27, later reduced to ׳צ ׳י שְׁמוֺ Isaiah 47:4; Isaiah 48:2; Isaiah 51:15; Isaiah 54:5; Jeremiah 10:16; Jeremiah 31:35 6t. Jeremiah

c. as proper name Sebaoth: צבאות ׳י, ׳י Sebaoth (Lord of hosts, Vrss, owing to Qr אֲדֹנָי, but this never construct אֲדֹנֵי; al. ׳י of hosts, but < names in apposition, since ׳י is proper name; ׳צ for earlier ׳אלהי צ; compare Σαβαωθ James 5:4; Romans 9:29): 1 Samuel 1:3,11; 1 Samuel 4:4; 1 Samuel 15:2; 1 Samuel 17:45; 2 Samuel 6:2,18; 2 Samuel 7:8,26; 1 Kings 18:15; 2 Kings 3:14; 2 Kings 19:31; 1 Chronicles 11:9; 1 Chronicles 17:7; Psalm 24:10 6t. Psalms; Micah 4:4; Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Habakkuk 2:13; Zephaniah 2:10; Isaiah 1:9; Isaiah 2:12; Isaiah 5:7,9,16,24 35t. Isaiah 6-39; Isa², only Isaiah 44:6; Isaiah 45:13; Jeremiah 6:6,9; Jeremiah 8:3; Jeremiah 9:6; Jeremiah 9:16 26t. Jeremiah; Haggai 1:2,5 12t. Haggai; Zechariah 1:3 (3 t. in verse); Zechariah 1:4 40t. Zechariah 1-8; Zechariah 9:15 8t. Zechariah 10-14; Malachi 1:4,6,8 21t. Malachi; ׳צ ׳האדון י Isaiah 1:24 4t. Isaiah (including Isaiah 10:16 Baer Gi > van d. H. אֲדֹנָי for ׳י); ׳צ ׳אֲדֹנָי י Isaiah 3:15 + (on these phrase see אָדוֺן 1, 6); ׳אלהים צ (׳א later Qr for original ׳י) Psalm 80:8; Psalm 80:15; ׳אלהים צ ׳י (earlier ׳י + later [inserted] ׳א) Psalm 80:5; Psalm 80:20; Psalm 84:9. — compare Dr^{Hastings DB (1900), LORD OF HOSTS and references}, Löhr^{Amos (Beiheftezur ZAW iv (1900), 38-67)}.

צְבָאוֺת, צִבְאוֺת, צְבָאִים see further I, II. צְבִי.

צְבֹאִים see צְבֹיִים.

I. צבב (√ of following; compare Assyrian ƒumbu (=*ƒubbu), cart; ᵑ7 צִיבָּא low, covered wagon).