Qal₄₂₅ Perfect3masculine singular ׳שׁ Genesis 37:11 +, etc.; Imperfect3masculine singular יִשְׁמֹר 1 Samuel 2:9 +, יִשְׁמָרֿ Jeremiah 5:24 +, suffix 3 masculine singular יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ Exodus 21:29,36; 3feminine singular suffix תִּשְׁמוּרֵ֑ם Proverbs 14:3 (read תִּשְׁמְרוּם, see Ges^{§ 47g} Toy), etc.; Imperative masculine singular שְׁמֹר Job 2:6 +, שָׁמְרָה 1 Chronicles 29:18 +; masculine plural שִׁמְרוּ Joshua 6:18 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute שָׁמוֺר Deuteronomy 5:12 +; construct שְׁמֹר Genesis 3:24 +, suffix שָׁמְרָהּ Genesis 2:15, etc.; Participle active שֹׁמֵר 1 Samuel 1:12 +, etc.; passive שָׁמוּר Ecclesiastes 5:12 (1 Samuel 9:24 see below), etc.; — [Synon. I. נָצַר, נָטַר, q. v.]:

1. a. keep, have charge of, garden Genesis 2:15 (J), ark 1 Samuel 7:1, property in trust Exodus 22:6; Exodus 22:9 (E), compare 1 Samuel 25:31; tend flock Genesis 30:31 (E), compare Zechariah 3:7; Numbers 3:8 (P); so perhaps (object omitted) Hosea 12:13 (where ׳שׁ chosen for parallelism Now Marti and others); Participle הֲשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹ֑כִי Genesis 4:9 (J), ׳שׁ of sheep 1 Samuel 17:20, הַכֵּלִים ׳שׁ 1 Samuel 17:22, הַכְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2 Kings 22:14; 2Chronicles 34:22, הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esther 2:3,8,15, compare Esther 2:14, etc.

b. keep, guard, captives Joshua 10:18 (J), 1 Kings 20:39, דֶּרֶךְ Genesis 3:24 (J); keep watch and ward, אֶל person for whom 1 Samuel 26:15 (Psalm 59:10 see

3 end), עַל person Psalm 59:16; Proverbs 6:22; בַּנַּעַר 2 Samuel 18:12 have a care of (read לִי for מִי ᵐ5 and modern); in hostile sense, אֶל הָעִיר (in siege) 2 Samuel 11:16, חַטָאתִי עַל Job 14:16 (but read תַּעֲבֹר with ᵐ5 Ew Di Du and others [not Hi Bu]); absolute with מֵעַל Ecclesiastes 5:7 watcheth above, etc.; keep one's mouth, be prudent of speech Proverbs 21:33, compare Micah 7:5; keep = protect, save, one's life, נֶפֶשׁ Proverbs 13:3; Proverbs 16:17; Proverbs 19:16; Proverbs 22:5, another's Job 2:6; in Proverbs, accusative of person, subject wisdom, Job 4:6 she shall preserve thee, compare (+ מִן of evil) Job 6:24; Job 7:5; especially Participle watch, watchman, of city Isaiah 21:11 (twice in verse); Isaiah 21:12; Isaiah 62:5 (figurative), Songs 3:3; Songs 5:7 (twice in verse); Psalm 127:1; הַמֶּלֶף ׳שׁ (in temple) Jeremiah 35:4 + (see סַף), מֶּית הַמֶּלֶךְ ׳הַמּ 1 Kings 14:27 2Chronicles 12:10, הַשְּׁעָרִים ׳שׁ Nehemiah 13:22, שֹׁמְרֵי הַבַּיִת (figurative) Ecclesiastes 12:3; ׳שׁ הַבַּיִתךֵסעוֺה ךֵהת פךֵךֵכ (of David's concubines) 2 Samuel 15:16; 2 Samuel 16:21; 2 Samuel 20:3; שֹׁמֵר הַכֵּלִים 1 Samuel 17:22, הַבְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2 Kings 22:14, חַמַּרְדֵּס ׳שׁ Nehemiah 2:8, הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esther 2:3,14,15, שֹׁמְרִים absolute Judges 7:19; Jeremiah 51:12.

c. hence watch for, wait for, accusative of person 1 Samuel 19:11 (to kill him), compare Psalm 59:1 (title; accusative הַבַּיִת); with יֲקֵכַי Psalm 56:7 = dog my steps, Psalm 71:10; Jeremiah 20:10; = watch (suspiciously) Job 10:14; Job 13:27; Job 33:11; absolute הַשֹּׁעמרִים Judges 1:24; wait for, נֶשֶׁף Job 24:15, לַבֹּקֶר Psalm 130:6 (twice in verse).

d. watch, observe, accusative of thing 1 Samuel 1:12; Ecclesiastes 11:4; Job 39:1; Jeremiah 8:7 (of birds), with intelligence Isaiah 42:20; Psalm 107:43; accusative of person Psalm 37:37 ("" ראה), Zechariah 11:11; accusative of sin Psalm 31:7; Psalm 130:3; accusative of thing, for the purpose of avoiding, Psalm 17:4.

2. a. keep, retain, of storing up (food) Genesis 41:35 (E); absolute Ecclesiastes 3:6 (opposed to הִשְׁלִיךְ); treasure up (in memory) Genesis 37:11 (E), compare Malachi 2:7; 1 Chronicles 29:18; Proverbs 4:21 (בְּתוֺךְ לְבָבֶ֑ךְ), Proverbs 22:18 (כְּבִטֱנ֑ךָ); retain wrath Amos 1:11 (read שָׁמֶר לָנֶצַח We Now GASm Marti; see also נָטַר 1) + (anger omitted) Jeremiah 3:5 ("" נטר).

b. keep within bounds, restrain, object שׁוֺר Exodus 21:29,36 (E); with accusative hand, מִן of evil Isaiah 56:2; figurative keep thy foot, with temporal clause Ecclesiastes 4:17; לְֿפִי מַחְסוֺם׳אֶשׁ Psalm 39:2 (ᵐ5 Du and others אָשִׁימָה); apparently reflexive (= Niph`al), Joshua 6:18 (+ מִןהַֿחֵרֶס), possibly sc. גַפְשְׁכֶם Di.

3. a. observe, celebrate, accusative of festival, etc., Exodus 23:15 (E), Exodus 34:18 (J), Exodus 12:17; of day Exodus 12:17 (P), of month Deuteronomy 16:1.

b. keep Sabbath Deuteronomy 5:12; Leviticus 19:3,30; Leviticus 26:2 (all H), Exodus 31:13,14,16 (P), Isaiah 56:4, also (+ מֵחַלְּלוֺ) Isaiah 56:2; Isaiah 56:6.

c. of other obligations: keep convenant Ezekiel 17:14, especially convenant of ׳י Deuteronomy 29:8; 1 Kings 11:11 5t., ׳שְׁבֻעַת י 1 Kings 2:43, perform vow Deuteronomy 23:24; keep commands Jeremiah 35:18; Ezekiel 20:18; especially מִצָוֺת, תֻקִּים, יֲבֹדָה, etc., of ׳י (sometimes "" נצר), Exodus 20:6 = Deuteronomy 5:10; Amos 2:4; 1 Kings 2:3; Psalm 119:8; Psalm 119:17; Psalm 119:34 + very often (c. 120 t.); ׳דֶּרֶח י ׳שׁ Genesis 18:19 (J) + 4 t., ׳דַּרְכֵי י 2 Samuel 22:22 = Psalm 18:22, ׳י ׳ד omitted Judges 2:22 b; אָרְחוֺת צַדַּיקִים ׳שׁ Proverbs 2:20 ("" תֵּלֵח תְּלֵח בְּדֶרֶח טוֺבֹים), ׳שׁ דְּרָכַי (ways of wisdom) Proverbs 8:32 (Psalm 17:4 see

1d); keep discharge an office, כְּהֻנָּה Numbers 3:10; Numbers 18:7 (both P), absolute 2 Chronicles 5:11; a function or duty, especially מִשְׁמֶרֶת ׳שׁ Leviticus 8:35; Numbers 1:53 + approximately 32 t. (see ׳מ below); accusative of obligation often omitted, especially D (and R^D) keep and do Deuteronomy 4:6; Deuteronomy 7:12 8t.; to do Deuteronomy 5:1,29 16t. D + 3 t., etc.

d. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom) Hosea 12:7 (חֶסֶד וּמִשְׁמָּט), Isaiah 56:1; Proverbs 4:4; Proverbs 5:2; Proverbs 7:1,2; bad sense, observe vanities Psalm 31:7. — Doubtful are: לִשְׁמֹר absolute Hosea 4:10, very strange (conjectures in We Now Marti); שָׁמוּר 1 Samuel 9:24, HPS אֵחַרְנוּ, compare Now Bu^Comm.; Psalm 59:10 read עֻוִּי אֵלֶיךָ אֲזַמֵּ֑רָה (as Psalm 59:18, ᵑ6 Che Bae).

4 sometimes ׳י subject:

a. keep, preserve, protect, accusative of person, + ב of way, etc., Genesis 28:15,20 (J), Exodus 23:20 (E; of מַלְאָח), Psalm 91:11 (׳מ), Joshua 24:17 (E); accusative of person (or נפשׁ) only: 1 Samuel 30:23; Jeremiah 31:9; Numbers 6:24 (P), Job 29:2; Psalm 16:1 10t. Psalms; + מִן Psalm 121:7 2t.; accusative רַהְּלַי 1 Samuel 2:9, compare Proverbs 3:26 (מִן); Participle שֹׁמְרֶ֑ךָ Psalm 121:3; Psalm 121:5, compare Psalm 121:4, etc.; accusative of city Psalm 127:1.

b. with accusative בְּרִית, ל person Deuteronomy 7:12, + חֶסֶד Deuteronomy 7:7 5t., אֱמֶת לְעוֺלָם ׳הַשּׁ Psalm 146:6; הַשְּׁבֻעָה Deuteronomy 7:8, etc.; passive of covenant (׳י agent) עֲרוּכָה בַכֹּל וּשְׁמֻרָה 2 Samuel 23:5 (legal terminology, Dr).

5 keep, reserve, weeks of harvest Jeremiah 5:24 (ל person).

Niph`al₃₆ Perfect3masculine singular נִשְׁמַד 2 Samuel 20:10, etc.; Imperfect3feminine singular תִּשָּׁמֵד Judges 13:13; 2masculine plural תִּשָּׁמַ֑רוּ Exodus 23:13; Imperative masculine singular תִּשָּׁמֵד Isaiah 7:4 הִדָמשּׁ֫מֶר (לְךָׅ Genesis 24:6 +; feminine singular הִשָּֽׁמְרִי Judges 13:4, etc.; —

1 be on one's guard, with בַּחֶרֶב 2 Samuel 20:10 by reason of the sword, i.e. against it; with ב temporal 1 Samuel 19:2, שָׁם 2 Kings 6:10; take heed Exodus 23:13 (E) Deuteronomy 2:4; with מִן person Exodus 23:21 (E), Jeremiah 9:3; מִן of thing Judges 13:13; Deuteronomy 23:10; מִן infinitive take care not to, etc. Genesis 31:29 (E), 2 Kings 6:9; infinitive without מִן Exodus 19:12 (J), but read probably מֵעֲלוֺת; followed by מֶּן lest Genesis 24:6 (J) + 11 t. (especially Deuteronomy); with (וְ)אַל jussive Exodus 10:23 (J), Judges 13:4; Job 36:21, with Imperative coordinate Isaiah 7:4. — Very often Imperative (24 t.), especially in phrase הִשָּׁמֶרלְֿךָ (12 t.), הִשָּֽׁטְרוּ לָכֶם (3 t.); + לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Deuteronomy 4:15; Joshua 23:11 (R^D; + infinitive); + ׳בְּנַפ Jeremiah 17:21 apparently ב pret. on peril of your life (compare ב

III. 3 a), so perhaps also בְּרוּחֲכֶם Malachi 2:15,16 (We Now).

2 keep oneself, refrain, abstain, מֵאִשָּׁה 1 Samuel 21:5.

3 be kept, guarded, Hosea 12:14 (compare ׳שׁ of Jacob Hosea 12:13); be preserved (by ׳י) Psalm 37:28 (לִיוֺלָם), but read probably עַוָּלִים (לְעוֺלָם) נִשְׁמָ֑דוּ Hup-Ri (Now) Che Bae Du Dr.

Pi`el Participle plural מְשַׁמְּרִים הַבְלֵישָֿׁוְא Jonah 2:9 those paying regard to false vanities (compare Qal Psalm 31:7).

Hithpa`el Imperfect1singular וָאֶשְׁתַּסֵּר מֵעֲוֺנַי Psalm 18:24 I kept myself from, etc. = 2 Samuel 22:24 (verb cohortative); 3 masculine singular וְיִשְׁתַּמֵּר חֻקּוֺת עָמְרִי Micah 6:16, but read וְתִשְׁמֹר thou keepest, observest, We Now GASm.