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Metallurgy
... Standard Bible Encyclopedia. METALLURGY. met'-al-ur-ji: There are numerous Biblical
references which describe or allude to the various metallurgical operations. ...
/m/metallurgy.htm - 8k

Metals (1 Occurrence)

/m/metals.htm - 10k

Kenites (8 Occurrences)
... Oriental world. They formed an important guild in an age when the art of
metallurgy was confined to a few" (Sayce's Races, etc.). They ...
/k/kenites.htm - 13k

Trial (45 Occurrences)
... 3. (n.) The act of testing by experience; proof; test. 4. (n.) Examination
by a test; experiment, as in chemistry, metallurgy, etc. ...
/t/trial.htm - 52k

Refining (8 Occurrences)
... 15; Revelation 3:18. The ancient process of refining gold has already been
described under METALLURGY (which see). Most of the Bible ...
/r/refining.htm - 12k

Refiner (10 Occurrences)
... 15; Revelation 3:18. The ancient process of refining gold has already been
described under METALLURGY (which see). Most of the Bible ...
/r/refiner.htm - 13k

Iron (104 Occurrences)
... where Tubal-Cain is mentioned as "the forger of every cutting instrument of brass
and iron." It is likely that the Jews learned the art of metallurgy from the ...
/i/iron.htm - 50k

Dress (38 Occurrences)
... to dress or trim a lamp; to dress a garden; to dress a horse, by currying and rubbing;
to dress grain, by cleansing it; in mining and metallurgy, to dress ores ...
/d/dress.htm - 53k

Metal (69 Occurrences)

/m/metal.htm - 30k

Assyria (124 Occurrences)
... hammered in relief on the bronze gates discovered by Mr. Rassam at Balawat near
Nineveh are among the best examples of ancient oriental metallurgy at present ...
/a/assyria.htm - 101k

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
METALLURGY

met'-al-ur-ji: There are numerous Biblical references which describe or allude to the various metallurgical operations. In Job 28:1 occurs zaqaq, translated "refine," literally, "strain." This undoubtedly refers to the process of separating the gold from the earthy material as pictured in the Egyptian sculptures (Thebes and Beni Hassan) and described by Diodorus. The ore was first crushed to the size of lentils and then ground to powder in a handmill made of granite slabs. This powder was spread upon a slightly inclined stone table and water was poured over it to wash away the earthy materials. The comparatively heavy gold particles were then gathered from the table, dried, and melted in a closed crucible with lead, salt and bran, and kept in a molten condition for 5 days, at the end of which time the gold came out pure.

The alloying of gold and silver with copper, lead or tin, and then removing the base metals by cupellation is used figuratively in Ezekiel 22:18, 22 to denote the coming judgment of Yahweh. Again in Isaiah 1:25 it indicates chastening. The fact that the prophets used this figure shows that the people were familiar with the common metallurgical operations.

See REFINER.

James A. Patch

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
(n.) The art of working metals, comprehending the whole process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them; sometimes, in a narrower sense, only the process of extracting metals from their ores.
Metal
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