1. equivalent to τό κόπτειν, a beating.

2. equivalent to κοπετός, a beating of the breast in grief, sorrow (Jeremiah 51:33 ()).

3. labor (so the Sept. often for עָמָל), i. e.

a. trouble (Aeschylus, Sophocles): κόπους παρέχειν τίνι, to cause one trouble, make work for him, Matthew 26:10; Mark 14:6; Luke 11:7; Galatians 6:17; κόπον παρέχειν τίνι, Luke 18:5.

b. intense labor united with trouble, toil. (Euripides, Arstph;, others): universally, plural, 2 Corinthians 6:5; 2 Corinthians 11:23; of manual labor, joined with μόχθος ((see below)), 1 Thessalonians 2:9; ἐν κόπῳ καί μόχθῳ (toil and travail), 2 Corinthians 11:27 (where L T Tr WH omit ἐν); 2 Thessalonians 3:8; of the laborious efforts of Christian virtue, 1 Corinthians 15:58; Revelation 2:2; plural Revelation 14:13; ὁ κόπος τῆς ἀγάπης, the labor to which love prompts, and which voluntarily assumes and endures trouble and pains for the salvation of others, 1 Thessalonians 1:3; Hebrews 6:10 Rec.; of toil in teaching, John 4:38 (on which see εἰς, B. I. 3); 1 Thessalonians 3:5; of that which such toil in teaching accomplishes, 1 Corinthians 3:8; plural 2 Corinthians 10:15 (cf. Sir. 14:15). [SYNONYMS: κόπος, μόχθος, πόνος: primarily and in general classic usage, πόνος gives prominence to the effort (work as requiring force), κόπος to the fatigue, μόχθος (chiefly poetic) to the hardship. But in the N. T. πόνος has passed over (in three instances out of four) to the meaning pain (hence it has no place in the 'new Jerusalem', Revelation 21:4); cf. the deterioration in the case of the allied πονηρός, πένης. Schmidt, chapter 85; cf. Trench, § cii. (who would translate πόνος, 'toil', κόπος, 'weariness', μόχθος, 'labor').]