1 slave, servant of household Genesis 39:17,19; Genesis 41:12; Genesis 50:2; Exodus 21:2 +; man-servant, "" אמה Exodus 20:10; Leviticus 25:6; Deuteronomy 5:14; Job 31:13 +; "" שׁפחה Genesis 12:16; Genesis 32:6; Jeremiah 34:11; Isaiah 14:2 +; + אדון Deuteronomy 23:16; Isaiah 24:2; Malachi 1:6 +; מִקְנַת כֶּסֶף Exodus 12:44 or יְלִיד בַּיִת Jeremiah 2:14; עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים servant of servants, humblest servant, Genesis 9:25; בֵּית עֲבָדִים house of slaves, especially Israel in Egypt Exodus 13:3,14 (D ?) Deuteronomy 5:6; Deuteronomy 6:12; Deuteronomy 7:8; Deuteronomy 8:14; Deuteronomy 13:6; Deuteronomy 13:11; Joshua 24:17; Judges 6:8; Jeremiah 34:13; Micah 6:4; וזכרת כי עבד היית מצרים ב(ארץׅ and thou shalt remember that thou wast a slave in (the land of) Egypt Deuteronomy 5:15; Deuteronomy 15:15; Deuteronomy 16:12; Deuteronomy 24:18,22; king of Babylon is slave to ׳י Jeremiah 25:9; Jeremiah 27:6; Jeremiah 43:10; the borrower to the lender Proverbs 22:7; figurative of beast Job 40:28; of things Genesis 47:19.

2 Subjects, of chief Genesis 26:15,19,25,32; Genesis 27:37; Genesis 32:17 (twice in verse) +; of king Genesis 21:25; Exodus 7:28; Exodus 7:29; 1 Kings 9:27; Deuteronomy 29:1 +; vassal kings 2 Samuel 10:19; tributary nations 2 Samuel 8:2,6,14 = 1 Chronicles 18:2,6,13; specifically officers of king 1 Samuel 19:1; 1 Samuel 21:8; 2 Samuel 11:13; Proverbs 14:35 +; עַבְדֵי פַרְעֹה Genesis 40:20; Genesis 41:10; שָׁאוּל ׳ע 1 Samuel 16:17; 1 Samuel 18:22; 1 Samuel 28:7; הַמֶּלֶךְ ׳ע 1 Kings 1:47; Esther 3:3 +; עֶבֶד הַמֶּלֶךְ 2 Kings 22:12 2Chronicles 34:20 (a court offical); opposed to שַׂר Proverbs 19:10; Ecclesiastes 10:7; מֶלֶךְ Proverbs 30:22; ambassadors Numbers 22:18; 2 Samuel 10:2; soldiers of army 1 Samuel 17:8; 1 Samuel 25:10; 2 Samuel 2:12, + officers of army 1 Samuel 29:3; 1 Kings 11:26; 2 Kings 25:8; Isaiah 36:9.

3 Servants, worshippers, of God: עַבְדֵי יהוה 2 Kings 9:7; 2 Kings 10:23; Isaiah 54:17, compare Genesis 50:17; Isaiah 56:6; עֲבָדָיו Deuteronomy 32:36 = Psalm 135:14; Isaiah 65:15; Isaiah 66:14; Psalm 34:23; Psalm 69:37; Nehemiah 2:20; "" עַמּוֺ Psalm 105:25 compare Deuteronomy 32:43; עֲבָּדַי Isaiah 65:8,9,13 (twice in verse); Isa 69:13; Isa 69:14; עֲבָדֶיךָ 1 Kings 8:23; Isaiah 63:17 ("" שִׁבְטֵי נחלתך), Psalm 89:51; Psalm 90:13; Psalm 90:16; Psalm 102:15; Psalm 102:29; Psalm 119:91; Psalm 79:2; Psalm 79:10 ("" חֲסִידֶיךָ); delivered from Egypt Leviticus 25:42,55 (twice in verse); Leviticus 26:13 (P); עַבְדְּךָ Psalm 119:125; Psalm 143:2, "" בֶּןאֲֿמָתֶ֑ךָ Psalm 86:16; Psalm 116:16 (twice in verse); specifically angels Job 4:18; and ancient worthies, patriarchs Exodus 32:13 (J) Deuteronomy 9:27; Abraham Genesis 26:24 (J) Psalm 105:6; Psalm 105:42; Isaac Genesis 24:14 (J); Jacob, Israel Ezekiel 28:25; Ezekiel 37:25; 1 Chronicles 16:13; Moses Exodus 14:31; Joshua 18:7 (J) Numbers 12:7,8 (E) Deuteronomy 34:5 (?) Joshua 1:1,2,7,13,15; Joshua 8:31,33; Joshua 9:24; Joshua 11:12,15; Joshua 12:6 (twice in verse); Joshua 13:8; Joshua 14:7; Joshua 22:2,4,5 (all D), 1 Kings 8:53,56; 2 Kings 18:12; 2 Kings 21:8; 1 Chronicles 6:34; 2Chronicles 1:3; 24:6,9; Nehemiah 1:8; Nehemiah 9:14; Nehemiah 10:30; Psalm 105:26; Malachi 3:22; Daniel 9:11; Joshua Joshua 24:29 (E) Judges 2:8; Caleb Numbers 14:24 (J); Job Job 1:8; Job 2:3; Job 42:7,8 (3 t. in verse); David 2 Samuel 3:18; 2 Samuel 7:5,8,26 27t.; Hezekiah 2 Chronicles 32:16; Zerubbabel Haggai 2:23; Eliakim Isaiah 22:20. — The צֶמַח Zechariah 3:8; compare Zechariah 6:12 is also servant of ׳י as Messianic builder of temple (see Br^{MP 442 ff}).

4 Servant of ׳י, in a special sense: of Levitical singers using benedictions in temple Psalm 113:1; Psalm 134:1; Psalm 135:1; usually of prophets, עֲבָדַי הַנְּבִיאִים my servants the prophets 2 Kings 9:7; 2 Kings 17:13; Jeremiah 7:25; Jeremiah 26:5; Jeremiah 29:19; Jeremiah 35:15; Jeremiah 44:4; Ezekiel 38:17; Zechariah 1:6; עֲבָדָיו הַנְּבִיאִים 2 Kings 17:23; 2 Kings 21:10; 2 Kings 24:2; Jeremiah 25:4; Amos 3:7; Daniel 9:10; עֲבָדֶיךָ הנביאים Ezra 9:11; Daniel 9:6; specifically Ahia 1 Kings 14:18; 1 Kings 15:29; Elijah 2 Kings 9:36; 2 Kings 10:10; Jonah 2 Kings 14:25; Isaiah Isaiah 20:3; עַבְדּוֺ, "" מלאכיו Isaiah 44:26; as one calling to fear ׳י Isaiah 50:10.

5 Israel as a people is servant of ׳׃י יִשְׂרָאֵל Isaiah 41:8,9; Isaiah 44:21 (twice in verse); Isaiah 49:3; Psalm 136:22; יעקב Isaiah 44:1; Isaiah 44:2; Isaiah 45:4; Isaiah 48:20; Jeremiah 30:10; Jeremiah 46:27; Jeremiah 47:28; עַבְדִּי = עֶבֶד יהוה, "" מַלְאָכִי, as having a mission to the nations Isaiah 42:19 (twice in verse); and chosen as witness of ׳י Isaiah 43:10. But there is also an ideal servant chosen and endowed with the divine Spirit to be a covenant of Israel and a light of the nations Isaiah 42:1 (compare Isaiah 42:2-6); formed to bring back Jacob, raise up the tribes, and become salvation to the end of the earth Isaiah 49:5,6,7; bearing the sins of all as a lamb and a trespass-offering, and yet prospering and justifying many as interposing martyr Isaiah 52:13; Isaiah 53:11: many understand of ideal Israel, contrasted with the actual; al. of personified "" with Zion the wife and mother, distinguished from unworthy Israel as Zion from her apostate children; al. of ideal prophetic writer; al. of ideal prophetic person; al. (especially in Isaiah 53) of an actual prophecy known to writer and his readers; [in any case it is Messianic, see Matthew 8:16,17; 12:16-21; Luke 4:17-22; Philippians 2:5-11]; see De^{Isa ii. 174} Da^{Expos. 1884, 358 ff.} Di Du Che and others on Isaiah 42; Isaiah 53, Dr^{Is 168 ff.} Br^{MP 345 ff.}, also Gie^{Beitr. 146 ff.} Berthol^{Isaiah 53}.

6 In polite address of equals or superiors the Hebrews used עַבְדְּךָ thy servant = 1 person singular, I, Genesis 18:3; 1 Samuel 20:7,8 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 8:13 +; עֲבָדֶיךָ thy servants = we Genesis 42:11; Isaiah 36:11; also עַבְדּוֺ his servant = I, 1 Samuel 26:18,19; 2 Samuel 14:22; 2 Samuel 24:21 +; also in addressing God, especially in prayer Exodus 4:10; Numbers 11:11; Judges 15:18; 1 Samuel 3:9,10; 1 Samuel 25:39; 2 Samuel 24:10; Psalm 19:12; Psalm 19:14; Psalm 27:9; Psalm 31:17; Psalm 35:27; Psalm 69:18; Psalm 109:28; Psalm 143:2 +.

7 Phrases are: עבד (היה), with לְ person, become servant to Genesis 9:26,27; Genesis 44:10,16,17,33; Genesis 47:19,26 (J) Deuteronomy 6:21; Deuteronomy 15:17; 2 Samuel 8:14; 2 Kings 17:3; 2 Kings 24:1; 1 Chronicles 18:2,6,13; 2Chronicles 10:7; Proverbs 11:29; Proverbs 12:9; Proverbs 22:7; היה לעבד, with לְ person, Genesis 44:9 (J) Genesis 50:18 (E) 1 Samuel 8:17; 1 Samuel 17:9 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 27:12; 2 Samuel 8:2,6; Jeremiah 34:16; כבשׁ לעבדים2Chronicles 28:10; Nehemiah 5:5; Jeremiah 34:11; ׳לקח לע Genesis 43:18 (J) 2 Kings 4:1; Job 40:28.