preposition as far as, even to, up to, until, while (Aramaic עד, Sabean עד, עדי, Mordtm^{ZMG xxx (1876), 27}; DHM^{xxxvii (1883), 414}, Assyrian adi Dl^{§ 81 a} (Arabic is except); perh akin to pass on, advance to, Kö^{ii. 304, 309:} עֲדֵי probably from ground-form ±¦d¦y, Ol^{428, 431} Kö^{ii. 309 ff.}; but Lag^{Sym. ii. 101-3, Mitth. i. 231 f.}, as plur. like אַחֲרֵי); — with suffix עָדַי Numbers 23:18 +, עָדֶיךָ Micah 4:8 +, etc., עָֽדיֵכֵם Job 32:12; 2 Kings 9:18 עַדהֵֿם occurs; — as far as, even to (differing from אֶל in that the limit is included, as in Arabic Fl^{Kl. Schr. i. 402 f.}):

I. preposition 1. of space; —

a. Genesis 11:31 ויבאו עד חרן as far as Haran, Genesis 12:6; Genesis 13:3,12 + often, Isaiah 8:8 עד צואר יגעַ, Isaiah 15:4 עד יהץ נשׁמע קולם, Isaiah 25:12; Isaiah 26:5; Psalm 36:6 אמונתך עד שׁחקים, Psalm 69:2 דאו מים עד נפשׁ (compare Jonah 2:6; Micah 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10,18), Jer 90:3תָּשֵׁד אֱנוֺשׁ עַד דַּכָּא Job 11:7, etc.; pregnantly Psalm 118:27 ׳אִסְדוּ חָג עַד וגו bind . . . (and lead) up to . . .; Isaiah 57:9 עַד מֵרָחוק even to afar (מִן

1c); with the goal a person, Exodus 22:8 עד האלהים יָבאֹ דְבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם, 1 Samuel 9:9; Psalm 65:3 עָדֶיךָ כָלבָּֿשָׂר יָבאֹוּ Isaiah 45:24; Job 4:5, ׳שׁוּב עַד י Hosea 14:2 al. (see שׁוּב, stronger than ׳שׁוּב אֶליֿ); in poetry Numbers 24:20 וְאַחֲדִיתוֺ עֲדֵי אֹבֵד shall be even unto destruction, shall issue in destruction, Numbers 24:24; rarely with verbs of attending, הֶאֱזִין עַד Numbers 23:18, הִתְבּוֺנֵן עַד Job 32:12; Job 38:18 (usually אֶל). Before another perp., 1 Samuel 7:11 ׳עַד מִתַּחַת ל 1 Kings 4:12 ׳עַד מֵעֵבֶר ל, עַד מֵעַל Ezekiel 41:20, עַד לִפְנֵי Esther 4:2, and even (si vera. l.) עַד אְלֵיהֶם 2 Kings 9:20:compare עַד נֶגֶד Nehemiah 3:16,26, עַד נֹכַח Judges 19:10 +.

b. In the combination מִן ֗֗֗ (וְ)עַד, as Genesis 10:19 מצידון ֗֗֗ עַד עַזָּה from Sidon . . . as far as Gaza + often (see מן

5a); and idiomatic, not of actual space, but of class of objects, to express the idea of both... and, as Genesis 19:4 מִנַּעַר וְעַד זָקִן from young to old (inclusively) = both young and old (see מִן

5b); without מִן, even to = including, Leviticus 11:42; Numbers 8:4 even to (i. e. including) it base and its flower, compare 1 Samuel 18:4.

2 Of time:

a. (a) even to, until Genesis 8:5 even to the 10th month, Exodus 12:6 unto the 14th day, etc., Exodus 12:15; Exodus 12:18, etc.; עד היום unto this day, Genesis 19:37,38, עד היום הזה Genesis 26:33; Genesis 32:33, both + often; עד יום followed by infinitive Exodus 40:37; Joshua 6:10; Judges 18:30; עד בקר till morning, Exodus 12:10 + (15 t.), עד הבקר Exodus 16:23 + (11 t.); so עד (ה)ערב Exodus 18:13,14 +, in poetry עֲרֵי ערב Psalm 104:23; עַד עוֺלָם Genesis 13:15 + often; עַד שֶׁבַע מְּעָמִים 2 Kings 4:35; עַד דּוֺר וָדוֺר Isaiah 13:20; see also בְּלִי, and בִּלְתִּי, near the end and followed by another preposition, Leviticus 23:16 עַד מִמָּחֳרַת הַשַּׁבָּת, Nehemiah 13:9 עַד אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת. With the force of against, Judges 6:31 יוּמַת עַד הַבֹּקֶר; compare (b) end. (b) followed by infinitive, both of past time, as Genesis 8:7; Genesis 32:35 עַד עֲלוֺת הַשַּׁחַר, Genesis 33:3; Genesis 34:5, and especially future time, as Genesis 3:19 עַד שׁוּבְךָ until thy returning, Genesis 19:22; Genesis 27:45; Deuteronomy 7:20,23; Deuteronomy 20:20; Deuteronomy 22:2; Deuteronomy 28:20,22, — both + often; compare עַד בּוֺשׁ Judges 3:25 +; עַד תֹּם ֗֗֗ Leviticus 25:29 10t.; עַד תֻּמָּם Deuteronomy 2:15 +; עַד כַּלֵּה 2 Kings 13:17,19; Ezekiel 19:14; עַד כַּלּוֺתָ(םׅ 1 Samuel 15:18; Jeremiah 9:15 +; עַד אוֺר הַבֹּקֶר Judges 16:2 +; also in עַד הִשְׁמִדְךָ אֹתָם Deuteronomy 7:24 (compare Deuteronomy 28:48; Joshua 11:14; 1 Kings 15:29; 2 Kings 3:25; 2 Kings 10:17; 2 Kings 24:20 ["" Jeremiah 52:3 הִשְׁלִיכוֺ]; on the anomalous ׳הִ, see Dr, read probably ׳הַ); and most probably compare Kö^{iii. 583}) in עַד בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר לוֺ (לָהֶם) שָׂרִיד Deuteronomy 3:3 (see Dr), + 5 t. (see above), read probably הַשְׁאִיר. With the force of towards the end of, against, especially in עַד בֹּאָ(םׅ, Genesis 43:25; Exodus 22:25; Numbers 10:21 והקימו את המשׁכן עַד בֹּאָם used to set up the tabernacle against their coming, 2 Kings 16:11; Ezekiel 33:22; compare 2 Samuel 17:22. Elliptical Judges 16:2 עַד אוֺד הַבֹּקֶד וַהֲרַגְנוּהוּ (wait) till the morning dawn, and we slay him! (GFM; Dr^{§ 115}). (c) with various adverbs of time. (q. v.) as עַד אָנָה, עַדמָֿה, עַד מָתַי, עַד הֵנָּה, עַד כֹּה, עַד כֵּן, עַד עַתָּה, compare עַד כַּמֶּה פְעָמִים (see מָה

4b). (d) to suffest also degree (compare

3), עַד אֵין מָקוֺם until there is no place Isaiah 5:8, עַד אֵין מִסְמָּר Psalm 40:13; Job 5:9; Job 9:10; compare Leviticus 26:18 וְאִםעַֿדאֵֿלֶּה and if even up to these things, even the end of all these punishment, you do not hearken to me.

b. During (rare; prop, as far as the limit indicated, including the time previous, compare ἔως: so often Aramaic עַד, , while), 2 Kings 9:22 what is peace עַד זְנוּנֵי אִיזֶבֶל during, etc.,? Job 20:5 עֲדֵי רָ֑גַע during a moment; followed by infinitive Judges 3:26 עַד הִתְמַהְמְהָם during their delaying, Exodus 33:22; Job 7:19 עַד בִּלְעִי רֻקִּי Jonah 4:2.

3 Of degree, to suggest a higher or the highest; as עַד מְאֹד even to muchness, i.e. exceedingly (see מְאֹד), עַד מְהֵרָה even to haste Psalm 147:15; Esther 5:6 וּמַהבֻּֿקָּשָׁתֵךְ עַדחֲֿצִי הַמַּלְכוּת וְתֵעָשׂ, Esther 5:3; Esther 7:2. See also עַד לְ, below. With a negative, to express not even as much as, Deuteronomy 2:5 לא אתן לכם מארצם עַד מִדְרַךְ כַּף רָ֑גֶל, and with אֶחָד, Exodus 9:7 לֹא מֵת ֗֗֗ עַדאֶֿחָד, simil. Exodus 14:28; Judges 4:16; 2 Samuel 17:22 (read אֶחָד for ׃אַחַד see Dr). Sts. almost = Latin adeo, 1 Samuel 2:5 (si vera lectio) עַד עֲקָרָה ילדה שׁבעה even to the barren, she hath borne seven, i.e. even the barren hath, etc., Job 25:5 הן עדיָֿרֵחַ ולא יאהיל, Haggai 2:19. In comparisons, to the degree of, even like (rare), Nahum 1:10 עַד סִירִים סְבֻכִים (text dubious) entangled even like thorns, 1 Chronicles 4:27 לא הִרְבּוּ עד בני יהודה did not multiply to the degree of (i.e.like), etc. compare. 2 Samuel 23:19 עַד הַשְּׁלשָׁה לֹא בָא did not attain (in prowess) unto the three.

II. conjunction 1. until; —

a עַד אֲשֶׁר until that: (a) with perfect, of past time, Exodus 32:20 ויטחן עד אשׁר דָּק (Deuteronomy 9:21), Deuteronomy 2:14 עד אשׁר עָבַרְנוּ, Joshua 3:17; Joshua 8:26; Judges 4:24; 1 Kings 10:7 (2 Chronicles 9:6), 2 Kings 17:20,23; 2 Kings 21:16; with suggestion of degree, 1 Samuel 30:4 (followed byאֵין), 1 Kings 17:17; rarely of future time (the 'future perfect,' Dr^{§ 17}), 2 Samuel 17:13 (of degree), Ezekiel 34:21 So -עַד שֶׁ (often in Late Hebrew; see שֶׁ) Judges 5:7; Songs 3:4 (twice in verse); עַד כִּי Genesis 26:13 עַד כִּיגָֿדַל מְאֹד, Genesis 41:49; 2 Samuel 23:10; 2Chronicles 26:15; and (of future time) עַד אֲשֶׁר אִם Genesis 28:15; Numbers 32:17; Isaiah 6:11. (b) with imperfect, usually of future time, Genesis 27:44 עַד אֲשֶׁר תָּשׁוּב חֲמַר אָחִיךָ, Genesis 29:8; Exodus 23:30; Exodus 24:14; Leviticus 22:4; Numbers 11:20; Numbers 20:17; 1 Samuel 22:3; Hosea 5:15 +; rarely of past time, Jonah 4:5 עד אשׁר יראה till he should see, Ecclesiastes 2:3. So (of the future) -עַד שֶׁ Songs 2:7,17; Songs 3:5; Songs 4:6; Songs 8:4; Psalm 123:2; and עַד כִּי Genesis 49:10 עַד כִּייָֿבאֹ שִׁילֹה.

b. עַד alone, until: (a) with perfect, of past time, Joshua 2:22; Joshua 4:23 עַדעָֿבַרְנוּ, 1 Samuel 20:41 עַד דָּוִד הִגְדִּיל, 2 Samuel 21:10; 1 Kings 11:16; Ezekiel 28:15; of the future (rare), 2 Kings 7:3 עַד מָ֑תְנוּ, Ezekiel 39:15; Daniel 11:36 עַד כָּלָה זָ֑עַם. So עַד סִם (of the future), Genesis 24:19,33; Isaiah 30:17; Ruth 2:21. (b) with imperfect, of future time, 1 Samuel 1:22 (elliptic: compare Judges 16:2,

12a (b) end), Isaiah 22:14; Isaiah 26:20; Isaiah 32:15; Isaiah 62:1,7; Psalm 57:2; Psalm 71:18; Job 27:5 +; of the past (rare), Exodus 15:16 עד יעבור עמך, Exodus 15:16; Joshua 10:13 (poetry) עַד יִקֹּם גּוֺי אוֺיְבָיו, Psalm 73:17. — N.B. In poetry, עַד is sometimes used to mark not an absolute close, but an epoch or turning-point, in the future, as Psalm 110:1 (see De) עַד אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ, Hosea 10:12; Job 14:6 (but see

3); after a negative clause, Genesis 49:10; Numbers 23:24; Isaiah 42:4; Psalm 71:18; Psalm 112:8; Job 8:21 (but read probably with Ew Hi Di Du al. עֹד he will yet, etc., understanding Job 8:20 as present, not future).

2 While (rare: compare 12 b): —

a. with perfect, 1 Samuel 14:19 עד דִּבֶּר שׁאול while Saul spake.

b. with imperfect, Psalm 141:10 יַחד אָנֹכִי עַד אֶעֱבֹר while I at the same time pass by.

c. with participle, Job 1:18 עַד זֶה מְדַבֵּר (but read probably עֹד, as Job 1:16; Job 1:17), Nehemiah 7:3.

d. -עַד שֶׁ (without verb) Songs 1:12. So עַד לֹא while not = ere yet (of past time) Proverbs 8:26 עד לא עשׂה אדץ (so עַד לָא, , often, e.g. Genesis 24:15 ᵑ7, Matthew 1:18); and עד אשׁר לא (of the future) Ecclesiastes 12:1,2,6 (compare Talmud עַד דְּלָא, Mishna שֶׁלּאֹ עַד).

3 Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare), Isaiah 47:7 Thou saidst, I shall be for ever a lady, עַד לֹא שַׂמְתְּ אֵלֶּה עַל לִבֵךְ to the point that (going so far in thy pride that) thou didst not, etc. (but Hi Che Du al. join גְּבֶרֶת עַד I shall be for ever, a lady perpetually; see I. עַד); Job 14:6 (Di De Bu Du) to the point that he may enjoy, etc., Isaiah 22:14 (Du). In Joshua 17:14 עַד אֲשֶׁר ׳עַד כֹּה ֵ˜בּרְכַנִי י, read עַל אֲשֶׁר because that (Ges Buhl; compare Di).

III. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד, found chiefly in Chronicles, Ezra, and occurring in most of the above senses. Thus

1 of space: לְבוֺא חֲמָת עַד Joshua 13:5; Judges 3:3; 1 Chronicles 13:5, מִדְבָּ֫רָה ׳עד ל 1 Chronicles 5:9, מצרים ׳עד ל2Chronicles 16:8; עַד לְמִזְרַהּ הַגָּ֑יְא 1 Chronicles 4:39, עַד לַמְצָד 1 Chronicles 12:17; עַד לִגְרָר2Chronicles 14:12; עַד לַשָּׁמַיִם2Chronicles 28:9; Ezra 9:6.

2 Of time: עד לעולם 1 Chronicles 23:25; 1 Chronicles 28:7; לְמֵרָחוֺק עַד2Chronicles 26:15; Ezra 3:13; Ezra 9:4 עד למנחת הערב; עַד לַדָּבָר הַזֶּה Ezra 10:14 probably during (Keil^Ges Be with regard to, strengthened for לְ); followed by infinitive עַד לַעֲלוֺת הַמִּנְחָה 1 Kings 18:29; עַד לִכְלוֺת 1 Chronicles 28:20; 2Chronicles 29:28; עַד לְכַלֵּה2Chronicles 24:10; 31:1; עד להשׁחית2Chronicles 26:16; עַד לָמוּת2Chronicles 32:24 ("" 2 Kings 20:1 לָמוּת alone); Ezra 10:14 עד להשׁיב.

3 Of degree: עַד לְמַחֲנֶה גָדוֺל even unto (till there was) a great camp, 1 Chronicles 12:23; עַד לְמַ֫עְלָה = exceedingly2Chronicles 16:12; 17:12; 26:8; עַד לִמְאֹד2Chronicles 16:14; עַד לְשִׂמְחָה2Chronicles 29:30 עַד לָרֹב2Chron 31:30; עַד לְאֵין מַרְמֵּא2Chronicles 36:16.