The leading ideas of the preceding section are echoed in this verse: brethren, of whom Christ made himself the brother: holy, in virtue of the work of the sanctifier.

Wherefore (ὅθεν)

Drawing a conclusion from Hebrews 2:9-18.

Holy brethren (ἀδελφοὶ ἅγιοι)

The phrase N.T.o. Ἀδελφοί brethren, in address, is not found in the Gospels. In Acts mostly ἄνδρες ἀδελφοὶ brother men. In Paul, ἀδ. ἀγαπητοί brethren beloved, or ἀδ. ἀγαπ. καὶ ἐπιπόθητοι brethren beloved and longed for (once, Philippians 4:1), ἀδ. ἠγαπημένοι ὐπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ and τοῦ κυρίου brethren beloved of God or of the Lord, and ἀδ. μου my brethren. In James mostly ἀδ. μου. In Hebrews, except here, ἀδελφοὶ simply. Holy brethren (see Hebrews 2:11) are worshippers of God, taking the place of God's O.T. people, as called and consecrated to ethical and spiritual service according to the Christian ideal.

Partakers of a heavenly calling (κλήσεως ἐπουρανίου μέτοχοι)

Μέτοχοι partakers only in Hebrews except Luke 5:7. See on μετέσχεν took part, Hebrews 2:14. The phrase heavenly calling N.T.o. Comp. τῆς ἄσω κλήσεως the upward calling, Philippians 3:14. The expression points to the lordship of the world to be (Hebrews 2:5); and the world to be is the abiding world, the place of realities as contrasted with types and shadows. The calling comes from that world and is to that world. See Hebrews 13:14.

Consider (κατανοήσατε)

Attentively, thoughtfully (κατὰ). See on James 1:23. The writer's habit is to use the communicative we or us identifying himself with his readers.

The apostle and high priest (τὸν ἀπόστολον καὶ ἀρχιερέα)

In calling Jesus apostle, the writer is thinking of Moses as one sent by God to lead Israel to Canaan. Comp. lxx, where ἀποστέλλειν to send is often used of Moses. See Exodus 3-7. Often of Jesus, as Luke 10:16; John 3:17; John 5:36; John 6:29.

Of our profession (τῆς ὁμολογίας ἡμῶν)

Rend. confession for profession. The apostle and high priest whom we confess. Comp. 1 Timothy 6:12.

Who was faithful (πιστὸν ὄντα)

Rend. "is faithful." A general designation of inherent character. He is faithful as he ever was.

To him that appointed him (τῷ ποιήσαντι αὐτὸν)

Constituted him apostle and high priest. Some render created, referring to Christ's humanity or to his eternal generation. So the Old Latin, creatori suo; but this does not suit the context. Ποιεῖν often in Class. in the sense of institute, as sacrifices, funerals, assemblies, etc., and in the middle voice of adoption as a son. See 1 Samuel 12:6; Mark 3:14; Acts 2:36.

As also Moses (ὡς καὶ Μωυσῆς)

The highest example of human fidelity known to the readers.

In all his house (ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ)

Const. with was faithful. Jesus was faithful even as Moses was faithful.

The subject of the high-priesthood of Christ, introduced in this verse, is not carried out in detail by showing the superiority of Jesus to earthly high priests. This is reserved for chs. 5-7. Instead, the writer proceeds to show that Christ is superior to Moses, as he has already shown his superiority to angels. He will thus have shown Christ's superiority to both the agencies by which the old covenant was mediated. The subject is a delicate one to treat for Jewish readers to whom Moses was the object of the deepest veneration; but the treatment displays tact by placing Moses in the foreground beside Christ as an example of fidelity to his commission. Justice is thus done to the familiar historical record, and to God's own testimony, Numbers 12:7. The general sense of the comparison is that Moses was as faithful as any servant in a house can be, while Christ was not a servant in the house, but a son, and displayed his fidelity in that capacity.

Was counted worthy (ἠξίωται)

Used both of reward which is due (1 Timothy 5:17) and of punishment (Hebrews 10:29).

Of more glory (πλείονος δόξης)

Comp. Hebrews 2:8, Hebrews 2:9.

Inasmuch as (καθ' ὅσον)

Rend. by so much as. The argument is based on the general principle that the founder of a house is entitled to more honor than the house and its individual servants. There is an apparent confusion in the working out, since both God and Christ appear as builders, and Moses figures both as the house and as a servant in the house. The point of the whole, however, is that Moses was a part of the O.T. system - a servant in the house; while Christ, as one with God who established all things, was the founder and establisher of both the Old and the New Testament economies.

He that built all things is God (ὁ πάντα κατασκευάσας θεός)

The verb includes not only erection, but furnishing with the entire equipment. See Hebrews 9:2; 1 Peter 2:10. The verb oP. The application of built or established to Christ (Hebrews 3:3) is guarded against possible misapprehension. Christ is the establisher, but not by any independent will or agency. As the Son he is he that built, but it is as one with God who built all things. The special foundership of Christ does not contradict or exclude the general foundership of God.

And Moses

Καὶ and introduces the further development of the thought of Hebrews 3:2, Hebrews 3:3 - fidelity, and the corresponding honor. It is not a second proof of the superiority of Christ to Moses. See Numbers 12:7.

A servant (θεράπων)

N.T.o. Comp. Revelation 15:3. Often in lxx, mostly as translation of עֶבֶד, servant, slave, bondman. Also, when coupled with the name of a deity, a worshipper, devotee. Sometimes applied to angels or prophets. Of Moses, θεράπων κυρίου servant of the Lord, Wisd. 10:16. In Class. and N.T. the word emphasizes the performance of a present service, without reference to the condition of the doer, whether bond or free. An ethical character attaches to it, as to the kindred verb θεραπεύειν: service of an affectionate, hearty character, performed with care and fidelity. Hence the relation of the θεράπων is of a nobler and freer character than that of the δοῦλος or bondservant. The verb is used of a physician's tendance of the sick. Xenophon (Mem. iv. 3, 9) uses it of the gods taking care of men, and, on the other hand, of men's worshipping the gods (ii, 1. 28). See Eurip. Iph. Taur. 1105; and on heal, Matthew 8:7; Luke 10:15, and on is worshipped, Acts 17:25.

For a testimony of those things which were to be spoken (εἰς μαρτύριον τῶν λαληθησομένων)

Ἐις for, with the whole preceding clause. Moses' faithful service in God's house was for a testimony, etc. The things which were to be spoken are the revelations afterward to be given in Christ. Others, however, explain of the things which Moses himself was afterward to speak to the people by God's command, referring to Numbers 12:8. According to this explanation, the fidelity hitherto exhibited by Moses ought to command respect for all that he might say in future. But (1) in the present connection that thought is insignificant. (2) It would be an exaggeration to speak of Moses's fidelity to God throughout his whole official career as a witness of the things which he was to speak to the people by God's command. (3) The future participle requires a reference to a time subsequent to Moses's ministry. The meaning is that Moses, in his entire ministry, was but a testimony to what was to be spoken in the future by another and a greater than he. Comp. Deuteronomy 18:15, explained of Christ in Acts 3:22, Acts 3:23.

But Christ

Replacing the human name Jesus, and being the official name which marks his position over the house.

As a son (ὡς υἱὸς)

The fidelity of Moses and the fidelity of Christ are exhibited in different spheres: of Moses in that of servant; of Christ in that of son.

Over his own house (ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ)

Comp. Hebrews 10:21, and notice ἐπὶ over his house, and ἐν in all his house, of Moses. For "his own house" rend. "his house," referring to God. Reference to Christ would destroy the parallel. It is said by some that the matter of respective positions is irrelevant: that the main point is fidelity, and that therefore it does not matter whether Moses was a son or a servant, provided he was faithful. But the writer evidently feels that Christ's position as a son enhanced his fidelity. Comp. Hebrews 5:8. The implication is that Christ's position involved peculiar difficulties and temptations.

Whose house (οὗ)

God's house. The church is nowhere called the house of Christ.

We (ἡμεῖς)

Even as was the house in which Moses served. The Christian community is thus emphatically designated as the house of God, implying the transitoriness of the Mosaic system. Comp. 1 Corinthians 3:16, 1 Corinthians 3:17; 2 Corinthians 6:16; Ephesians 2:22; 1 Peter 4:17.

Hold fast (κατάσξωμεν)

The verb is used in N.T. as here, 1 Thessalonians 5:21; Plm 1:13; of restraining or preventing, Luke 4:42; of holding back or holding down with an evil purpose, Romans 1:18; 2 Thessalonians 2:7; of holding one's course toward, bearing down for, Acts 27:40.

The confidence and the rejoicing of the hope (τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ τὸ καύχημα τῆς ἐλπίδος)

The combination confidence and rejoicing N.T.o. Rejoicing or boasting of hope N.T.o, but comp. 1 Thessalonians 2:19. For παρρησία confidence see on 1 Timothy 3:13. The entire group of words, καύχημα ground of glorying, καύχησις act of glorying, and καυχᾶσθαι to glory, is peculiarly Pauline. Outside of the Pauline letters καυχᾶσθαι occurs only James 1:9; James 4:16; καύχησις only James 4:16; and καύχημα only here. The thought here is that the condition of being and continuing the house of God is the holding fast of the hope in Christ (ἐλπίδος of the object of hope) and in the consummation of God's kingdom in him; making these the ground of boasting, exultantly confessing and proclaiming this hope. There must be, not only confidence, but joyful confidence. Comp. Romans 5:3; Ephesians 3:12, Ephesians 3:13; Philippians 3:3.

continued...

Wherefore as the Holy Ghost saith (διὸ καθὼς λέγει τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον)

See on Hebrews 1:6. The formula the Spirit the holy (Spirit) is common in the N.T. with the exception of the Catholic Epistles, where it does not occur. The construction of the passage is as follows: Διὸ wherefore is connected with βλέπετε take heed, Hebrews 3:12. The point is the writer's warning, not the warning of the citation. The whole citation including the introductory formula, down to rest, Hebrews 3:11, is parenthetical.

Today if ye will hear his voice (σήμερον ἐάν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε)

The Hebrew reads, O that you would hear his voice today. Today is prophetically interpreted by the writer as referring to the Christian present, the time of salvation inaugurated by the appearance of Christ.

Harden not (μὴ σκληρύνητε)

In N.T. mostly in this epistle. Comp. Acts 19:9; Romans 9:18, see note. The group of kindred words consists of σκληρός hard (see on Matthew 25:24; see on Jde 1:14); σκλψρότης hardness (Romans 2:5); σκληρύνειν to harden (Acts 19:9; Romans 9:18); and the compounds σκληροκαρδία hardness of heart (Matthew 19:8; Mark 10:5), and σκληροτράχηλος stiff-necked (Acts 7:5). All occur in lxx, with the addition of σκληρῶς hardly, painfully (not in N.T.).

In the provocation (ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ)

Only here and Hebrews 3:15. In lxx only Psalm 94:8. The verb παραπικραίνεινto provoke, only in Hebrews 3:16. Often in lxx. The simple verb πικραίνειν to make bitter, Colossians 3:19; Revelation 8:11; Revelation 10:9, Revelation 10:10. From πικρός bitter, pungent: hence to stir up to bitterness, to irritate. Comp. lxx Ezekiel 2:4.

In the day (κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν)

Κατὰ in a temporal sense, as Acts 12:1; Acts 19:23; Acts 27:27. Comp. κατ' ἀρχάς in the beginning, Hebrews 1:10.

Of temptation (τοῦ πειρασμοῦ)

Rend. "of the temptation," referring to a definite event, the murmuring against Moses at Rephidim on account of the lack of water, Exodus 17:1-7. In that passage the lxx gives for the two proper names Massah and Meribah, πειρασμὸς temptation, which is correct, and λοιδόρησις railing or reviling, which is loose, since Meribah signifies strife. In Psalm 94, lxx renders Meribah παραπικρασμός provocation, which is inexact, and Massah πειρασμὸς temptation, which is correct.

When (οὗ)

Rend. where. See οὗ after ἔρημος wilderness, Deuteronomy 8:15.

Tempted me, proved me (ἐπείρασαν ἐν δοκιμασία)

Lit. tried (me) in proving. The text differs from lxx, which reads ἐπείρασαν, ἐδοκίμασαν tempted, proved, as A.V. The phrase here means tempted by putting to the test. Comp. ἐκπειράζειν to tempt or try with a view to seeing how far one can go. See on 1 Corinthians 10:9.

And saw my works (καὶ εἶδον τὰ ἔργα μου)

Some construe my works with both verbs: tried and saw my works: but it is better to supply me after ἐπείρασαν tempted, to take works with saw only, and to give καὶthe force of and yet (see on Luke 18:7). "They tempted and yet saw my works;" although they saw my works. The Hebrew is "tried me, proved me, yea saw my works."

Forty years

In lxx this is connected with saw my works. In the Hebrew forty years begins the next clause.

Wherefore I was grieved (διὸ προσώχθισα)

The Hebrew omits wherefore. It was inserted because of the transfer of forty years to the preceding clause. The verb προσώχθισα I was grieved, only here and Hebrews 3:17. In lxx for קוֹא, to spue out; גָּעַל, to exclude, reject, abhor; מָאַֽם, to repudiate.

So I swear (ὡς)

Rend. "according as I:swear": the ὡς correlating the oath and the disobedience.

They shall not enter into my rest (εἰ ἐλεύσονται εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσιν μου)

Lit. if they shall enter, etc. A common Hebraistic formula in oaths. Where God is speaking, as here, the ellipsis is "may I not be Jehovah if they shall enter." Where man is speaking, "so may God punish me if"; or "God do so to me and more if." Comp. Mark 8:12 : lxx, Genesis 14:23; Deuteronomy 1:35; 1 Kings 1:51; 1 Kings 2:8. Sometimes the ellipsis is filled out, as 1 Samuel 3:17; 2 Samuel 3:35. Κατάπαυσιν rest, only in Hebrews, and Acts 7:49. The verb καταπαύειν to lay to rest also only in Acts and Hebrews. In Class. the verb sometimes means to kill or to depose from power. In the original citation the reference is to Canaan. Paul uses κληρονομία inheritance in a similar sense.

Note how the following exhortation is colored by the O.T. citation: evil heart; the to-day; be hardened; take heed (βλέπετε). See to it. Often in warnings or admonitions: sometimes with ἀπὸ from, with genitive of that against which the warning is given, as Mark 8:15; Mark 12:38; but so only in the Gospels. In construction connect with διὸ Hebrews 3:7; therefore beware.

Lest there be (μήποτε ἔσται)

The indicative with μὴ lest shows that with the fear that the event may occur, there is blended a suspicion that it will occur.

In any of you (ἔν τινι ὑμῶν)

They are appealed to individually.

An evil head of unbelief (καρδία πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας)

The whole phrase N.T.o. Neither do the combinations evil heart or heart of unbelief occur elsewhere. In lxx, among nearly a thousand instances of καρδία heart, καρδία πονηρὰ evil heart appears only five times, and in three of the five in apocryphal books. See Sir. 9:1; Bar. 1:22; 2:8. In lxx proper, Jeremiah 16:12; Jeremiah 18:12. Ἀπιστίας of unbelief, specifies that in which the more general πονηρὰ evil consists. An evil heart is an unbelieving heart.

In departing from the living God (ἐν τῷ ἀποστῆναι ἀπὸ θεοῦ ζῶντος)

The characteristic of unbelief. Faith is personal union with God. Unbelief separates from God. The phrase living God is common to both Testaments. For the bearing of the words upon the question of the Gentile destination of the Epistle, see Introduction.

While it is called to-day (ἄρχις οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται)

Lit. so long as the to-day is being named. The article points to the former expression - the "to-day" of Hebrews 3:7. It is the day of grace, while salvation through Christ is still attainable.

Through the deceitfulness of sin (ἀπάτῃ τῆς ἁμαρίας)

Ἀπάτη is rather a trick, stratagem, deceit, than the quality of deceitfulness. The warning is against being hardened by a trick which their sin may play them. Note the article, the or his sin - the sin of departing from the living God. The particular deceit in this case would be the illusion of faithfulness to the past.

We are made partakers of Christ (μέτοχοι γὰρ τοῦ Χριστοῦ γεγόναμεν)

Rend. we are become fellows with Christ. For fellows see Luke 5:7; Hebrews 1:9. It marks even a closer relation than "brethren." See Luke 22:30; Romans 8:17; Revelation 3:21.

Beginning of our confidence (τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ὑποστάσεως)

The believing confidence with which we began our Christian life. For ὑπόστασις confidence see on Hebrews 1:3. The Greek fathers render substance; that in virtue of which we are believers.

Unto the end (μέχρι τέλους)

Better, the consummation. It is more than mere termination. It is the point into which the whole life of faith finally gathers itself up. See Romans 6:21; 2 Corinthians 11:15; Philippians 3:19; Hebrews 6:8; 1 Peter 1:9.

While it is said (ἐν τῷ λέγεσθαι)

The formula by which the writer reverts to the previous citation. Connect with if we hold fast. The exhortation of Hebrews 3:12 answered to Psalm 95:1-11; so the condition of fulfillment in Hebrews 3:14 is declared to rest on the same Scripture. Only on the ground of what is said in that Psalm does the holding fast come to pass. Rend. therefore, "We are fellows of Christ if we hold the beginning of our confidence steadfast unto the end, seeing it is said," etc.

For some, when they had heard, did provoke (τίνες γὰρ ἀκούσαντες παρεπίκραναν)

Rend. who, when they heard, did provoke? The interrogative τίνες calls special attention to those who provoked God. The writer would say, "My warning against apostasy is not superfluous or irrelevant: for, consider: who were they that provoked God? They were those who had fairly begun their journey to Canaan, as you have begun your Christian course. They provoked God, so may you.

Howbeit not all (ἀλλ' οὐ πάντες)

Wrong. The interrogation should be continued. Who were they? But (ἀλλ') why do I ask? Were they not all who came out of Egypt by Moses? They were so numerous that they practically constituted the whole generation of the exodus. So far from its being true that a good ending necessarily follows a good beginning, a whole generation of God's chosen people failed to reach the Land of Promise because they provoked God.

The interrogation still continued. "With whom was he displeased forty years? Was it not with them?" etc.

Carcasses (τὰ κῶλα)

N.T.o. lxx for פֶּֽגֶר, a corpse. Κῶλον properly a limb. The idea of dismemberment underlies the use of the word. Comp. Numbers 14:29 (lxx), and 1 Corinthians 10:5, of the rebellious Israelites, who κατεστρώθησαν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ were strewn down along in the wilderness.

To them that believed not (τοῖς ἀπειθήσασιν)

Rend. to them that disobeyed.

Being left (καταλειπομένης)

Still remaining: not being neglected. It is not a reason for fearing that is given, but a circumstance connected with the thing to be avoided. As there is now left a promise, let us fear. Being left announces the thought which is afterward emphasized, and on which the whole treatment of the subject turns - that God's original promise of rest remains unchanged, and still holds good. Such being the case, he who doubts the promise itself, or thinks that it is too late for him to enjoy its fulfillment, runs a risk.

Should seem to come short (δοκῇ ὑστερηκέναι)

According to this rendering, the meaning is that one must avoid the appearance of having failed to enter into the rest; the perfect tense (ὑστερηκέναι) placing the reader at the parousia, when judgment will be pronounced. This is forced, tame, and irrelevant to the previous discussion. Rend. lest any one of you think he has come too late for it. This accords with the previous admonitions against unbelief. For one to think that he has come too late to inherit the promise is to disbelieve an immutable promise of God. Hence the writer may well say, "Since this promise remains, let us fear to distrust it." Ὑστερεῖν is to be behind; to come late; to come short; hence, to suffer need, as Philippians 4:12; of material deficiency, Luke 15:14; John 2:3; of moral and spiritual shortcoming, Romans 3:23; 1 Corinthians 8:8; Hebrews 12:15.

For unto us was the gospel preached (καὶ γὰρ ἐσμεν εὐηγγελισμένοι)

Lit. we have had good tidings proclaimed to us. The translation of the A.V. is unfortunate, since it conveys the technical and conventional idea of preaching the gospel, which is entirely out of place here. The reference is to the special announcement of the rest of God; the glad tidings that God has provided a rest for his people. This announcement was made to the fathers, and signified to them the promise of the rest in Canaan. It has been proclaimed to us, and to us is the announcement of the heavenly rest. The emphasis is on the entire statement, "we have had the good tidings proclaimed to us," rather than on we as contrasted with they.

The word preached (ὁ λόγος τῆς ἀκοῆς)

Lit. the word of the message. See on 1 Thessalonians 2:13.

Not being mixed with faith in them that heard it (μὴ συνκεκερασμένους τῇ πίστει τοῖς ἀκούσασιν)

Rend. because not incorporated by faith in them that heard. A body of obedient hearers with whom the erring Israelites were not incorporated would be an idea foreign to the discussion. Moreover, in Hebrews 3:16, the writer has declared that there were practically no believing hearers. He says that although the good tidings were announced to them, they did not profit them. The word did not profit them because it (the word) was not assimilated by faith in those that heard. They did not make the promise of rest their own. Their history was marked by continual renewals and rejections of the promise.

For we which have believed do enter into rest (εἰσερχόμεθα γὰρ εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσιν οἱ πιστεύσαντες)

I say by faith, for, we believers, who embraced the Christian faith when it was offered to us (note the aorist participle), do enter into the rest. Ἐισερχόμεθα categorical; not are entering or are on the way to, but entering into the rest is a fact which characterizes us as believers.

As he said (καθὼς εἴρηκεν)

We enter in accordance with the saying which follows.

As I have sworn - if they shall enter

The statement is somewhat obscure. The meaning is, we (who believed) enter into rest in accordance with God's declaration that they (who did not believe) should not enter. The point is faith as the condition of entering into the rest.

Although the works were finished (καίτοι τῶν ἔργων γενηθέντων)

This is an awkward and indirect way of saying, "these unbelievers did not enter into God's rest, although he had provided that rest into which they might have entered." The providing of the rest is implied in the completion of God's works. The writer assumes the readers' acquaintance with the narrative of the creation in Genesis.

What was implied in the preceding verse is now stated.

Did rest from all his works (κατέπαυσεν - ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ)

The verb only in Hebrews and Acts 14:18. Works, plural, following lxx. The Hebrew has work.

In this place (ἐν τούτῳ)

The passage already cited, Hebrews 4:3. It is cited again to show that the rest was not entered into.