I. עָשָׂה₂₆₂₂ verb do, make (Late Hebrew = Biblical Hebrew; MI^{23, 26} עשתי, l.³; l.⁹ ואעש, l.²⁴ Imperative עשו; Old Hebrew proper name עשיו, אלעשה, מעשיהו; not Aramaic, and not certainly found in South Semitic languages; on Sabean see especially DHM^{SB Berl. Akkadian 1886, 849}); —

Qal₂₅₂₄ Perfect3masculine singular Genesis 3:1 +, suffix עָשָׂהוּ Hosea 8:6 +; 3 feminine singular עָֽשְׂתָה Deuteronomy 22:21 +, וְעָשָׂת consecutive Leviticus 25:21; 2masculine singular עָשִׂיתָ Genesis 3:14 +, etc.; Imperfect3masculine singular יַעֲשֶׂה Genesis 18:25 +, וַיַּעֲשֶׂה 1 Kings 16:25 3t., וַיַּעַשׂ Isaiah 5:2 +; יַעֲשֵׂה Isaiah 64:3, 2masculine singular תַּעֲשֶׂה 1 Samuel 10:8, תַּעֲשֵׂה Genesis 26:29; Joshua 7:9, jussive (with אַל) תַּעַשׂ Genesis 22:12 +, תַּעֲשֵׂה 2 Samuel 13:12; Jeremiah 40:16 Qr (Kt תַּעַשׂ); 1 singular אֶעֱשֶׂה Genesis 2:18 +, וָאֶעֱשֶׂה Ezekiel 20:14; Daniel 8:27, וָאַעַשׂ Deuteronomy 10:3 4t. Ezekiel; etc.; Imperative masculine singular עֲשֵׂה Judges 10:15 +; feminine singular עֲשִׂי Jeremiah 6:26 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute עָשׂה Jeremiah 44:17 +; עָשׂוֺ Jeremiah 7:5 2t. (Jeremiah 4:18 van d. H. עָשׂוּ); construct עֲשׂוֺת Genesis 2:4 +, עֲשׂה Genesis 50:20 2t., עֲשׂוֺ Genesis 31:28, suffix עֲשׂתוֺ Genesis 41:32 +, עֲשׂהוּ Exodus 18:18, etc.; Participle active עשֶֹׁה Isaiah 5:5 +, suffix הָעשֹׁוֺ Job 40:19 (but see below); plural עשִֹׁים Genesis 24:49 +; suffix עשָֹׁ֑י Job 35:10 (yet see Ges^{§ 124k}), etc.; passive עָשׂוּי Exodus 3:16 +, הֶעָשׂוּ Job 41:25 (Ges^{§ 75k}); feminine עֲשׂוּיָה Ezekiel 21:20 +, etc.; —

I. 1. do (1560 + t.):

a. (1) with accusative active Genesis 3:14 (J) Genesis 20:10 (E) + often; do right in eyes of ׳י 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 14:13 +, evil 2 Kings 8:18,27 + (compare I. עַיִן

3c); do God's commands, statutes, etc., Deuteronomy 16:12; Deuteronomy 30:8; Numbers 15:39 (P); חַיִל ׳ע 1 Samuel 14:48 + do might, i.e. mightily, valiantly; Proverbs 31:39 do efficiency, i.e. efficiently; = commit (offence) Leviticus 20:13 (H), Deuteronomy 20:18; followed by מִן particle, וְעָשָׂה מֵאַחַת מֵהֵנָּה Leviticus 4:2 and shall do a single one of them (things prohibited; see מִן 3b (d)), compare ׳וְעָשׂוּ אַחַת מִכָּלמִֿצְוֺת י Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:22; Leviticus 5:17 (all P); do = perform a work, with accusative of congnate meaning with verb מַעֲשֶׂה Exodus 18:20; Exodus 23:12 (E), also (׳י subject) Deuteronomy 11:7; Daniel 9:14; Ecclesiastes 3:11; with accusative מְלָאכָה Genesis 2:2 (twice in verse) (J), Exodus 20:9,10 = Deuteronomy 9:13 (10 Words); with accusative דְּרָכֶיךָ Isaiah 58:13; מְלוּכָה עַל ׳ע 1 Kings 21:7 = exercise sovereignty over; of ׳י performing signs (אֹתֹת) Joshua 24:17 (E), Numbers 14:11,22 (JE), Deuteronomy 11:3, so Moses Exodus 4:17 and (מֹפְתִים) Exodus 4:21. (2) do something to one (ל person) Genesis 20:9 (E), Judges 9:56 +; with עַל reflexive Jeremiah 26:19 do evil against ourselves; especially ׳י subject, with לְ, do good to Exodus 18:9 (E), 2 Kings 8:66, or evil Genesis 42:28 (E); in phrase so may God do to me, etc. 1 Samuel 3:17; 2 Kings 6:31 + (see יסף

Hiph`il 1.). (3) do something for one (ל person) Genesis 30:31; 1 Kings 11:8 +, direct object omitted 1 Samuel 20:4; + ל of thing Judges 21:7,16 what shall we do for them, for wives ? with עַל person Nehemiah 5:19; with dativus ethicus [dative of interest] (ל) 1 Samuel 10:7; with לְ, of ׳י doing kindness for 1 Samuel 22:3; executing vengeance for Judges 11:36 (+ מִן of enemy); ׳י doing a sign (אוֺת) for Judges 6:17 (elsewhere נָתַן אוֺת לְ), compare עֲשֵׂהעִֿמִּי אוֺת לְטוֺבָה Psalm 86:17. (4) do something (in relation or intercourse) wilth (אֵת person), ׳י subject Deuteronomy 1:30 all that he did with you, Deuteronomy 10:21 (compare Psalm 86:17 above), human subject 2 Chronicles 24:24 (object שְׁפָטִים), Ruth 2:11. (5) seldom with ב, usually of executing judgment upon 1 Samuel 28:18; Isaiah 48:14, more Generally Esther 1:15 what shall we do with the queen ? also, subject ׳י, Ezekiel 25:11; Ezekiel 28:26; Psalm 149:7; Psalm 149:9; Numbers 33:4 (on false gods); in good sense, ׳חֲסָדִים בּ ׳ע Nehemiah 13:14. (6) of ׳י doing the justice (מִשְׁמַּט) of any one, i.e. maintaining his cause 1 Kings 8:45,49; Psalm 9:5. (7) with adverb do thus, כֹּה, Joshua 6:14 (JE), according to, כְּ Genesis 6:22 (P), Genesis 18:21 (J), 1 Kings 2:6; accusative as, כַּאֲשֶׁר Genesis 27:19 (J); Exodus 1:17 (E) +; with בְּ of manner, Judges 9:16a, Ezekiel 8:18; Ezekiel 25:15.

b. work for (ל of thing) Genesis 30:30 (J); with ל person 1 Samuel 14:6; Ezekiel 29:20 (for ׳י); work in (ב) gold or other material 1 Kings 7:14; 2Chron 2:6; 2 Chronicles 2:13; Exodus 31:4,5; Exodus 35:32 (all P); with בָּהּ (i.e. בָּעֲבֹדָה) Exodus 5:9 (J) in toil; work with (עִם) God 1 Samuel 14:45, so probably of God's working with (אֵת) Moses and Aaron 1 Samuel 12:6 (usually appoint); with אֵת with (of person in whose company, in whose field Ruth 2:19 (twice in verse) (gleaning); work בְּחֵפֶץ כַּמֶּיהָ Proverbs 31:13; without preposition Exodus 36:1; Nehemiah 3:28.

2 deal with, with עִם, 2 Chron 2:2; Daniel 1:13 (כַּאֲשֶׁר accusative as); with אֵת, Ezekiel 20:44; Psalm 109:21; Ezekiel 22:14; Zephaniah 3:19 (perhaps; Gr Now insert כָּלָה, see

II 1 g), + כְּ Jeremiah 21:2, + בְּ of manner Ezekiel 23:25,29; with לְ person + בְּ Ezekiel 25:12; with בְּ person, Jeremiah 18:23; Daniel 11:7, + כְּ according to Nehemiah 9:24; Esther 3:11.

3 often in phrase, do kindness (חֶסֶד) with: with (עִמָּדִ) עִם Genesis 19:19; Genesis 24:12; Genesis 12:14 (J), Judges 1:24; Judges 8:35; 1 Samuel 15:6; 2 Samuel 2:5; 2 Samuel 10:2 = 1 Chronicles 19:2 +; with עַל, 1 Samuel 20:8 (but read עִם Vrss We Dr and others); absolute, Psalm 109:16; object חֶסֶד + אֱמֶת, with עִם, Joshua 2:14 (JE) Judges 9:19; 2 Samuel 2:6; with אֵת with, Genesis 24:49; Genesis 32:11; Genesis 47:29 (all J); with לְ, Exodus 20:6 = Deuteronomy 5:10; 2 Samuel 22:51 = Psalm 18:51; so טוֺב ׳ע, with עִם, Genesis 26:29 (J), compare Judges 8:35; Judges 9:16; with אֵת with, 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 2:6.

4 absolute act, act with effect, especially of ׳י, 1 Kings 8:32,39; Jeremiah 14:7; Ezekiel 20:9,14,22; Psalm 22:32; Psalm 37:5; Psalm 52:11; Daniel 9:19; of men 2Chronicles 31:21; Daniel 8:12,24; Daniel 11:28,30,32; with ל of person Ezekiel 31:11.

II. 1. make (670 + t.):

a. with object concrete, ark Genesis 8:6, altar Genesis 13:4, idols Judges 18:24,31 +, etc.

b. often of God's making (creating) Genesis 3:1 (J), Genesis 1:7,16,25 (P), Nehemiah 9:6; Job 9:9; Proverbs 8:26; 2Chron 2:11; Psalm 95:5 +; making man Psalm 100:3; Psalm 119:73 (made by God's hands), in the womb Job 31:15 (twice in verse); making, constituting, nation Deuteronomy 26:19; Deuteronomy 32:6,15; participle suffix עשֵֹׁהוּ his Maker Isaiah 17:7; Proverbs 14:31; Proverbs 17:5 (הָעשֹׁוֺ Job 40:19 is improbable, most read הֶעָשָׂוּי, with various interpretation of following words); עשֶֹׁךָ Isaiah 51:13, עשֵֹׁנִי Job 32:23 (Ginsb; Job 32:22 van d. H. Baer), עשֵֹׁנוּ Psalm 95:6; so apparently plural participle עשָֹׁ֑י Job 35:10, עשַֹׁיִךְ Isaiah 54:5 (Ges^{§ 124k} explanation as sg.).

c. make something, with לְ reflexive, make for thee Exodus 20:4; Deuteronomy 9:12; Deuteronomy 10:1 +, for (ל) another 1 Samuel 2:19; 2 Samuel 7:11; 1 Kings 2:24 +; object מִשְׁתֶּה banquet Genesis 40:20; Esther 5:4, also (no ל) Genesis 29:22 (E) Judges 14:10; Esther 5:5,12 and (figurative, ׳י subject) Isaiah 25:6; with ל of thing, Deuteronomy 22:8; with ל of animal Genesis 33:17 (J).

d. make a name (שֵׁם) for oneself (ל) 2 Samuel 7:9; 1 Chronicles 17:8, also (no ל) 2 Samuel 8:13; a new heart for oneself (ל) Ezekiel 18:31.

e. make war with (אֶת) Genesis 14:2; Joshua 11:18 (D); with עִם, Deuteronomy 20:12,20; 1 Chronicles 5:10,19; absolute 1 Chronicles 22:8; with ל reflexive Proverbs 24:6; participle עשֵֹׁה מִלְחָמָה2Chronicles 11:1; 26:11,13; make peace, with ל person Joshua 9:15 (J); אִתִּי בְרָכָה ׳ע 2 Kings 18:31 make an agreement with me.

f. with ב, ׳מֶּרֶץ בּ ׳ע Judges 21:15 ׳י brought a catastrophe upon (compare פרץ).

g. with 2 accusative, make something out of (accusative mater.) Exodus 25:18; Exodus 28:13; Exodus 37:17,24; Songs 3:10; Deuteronomy 10:3 +; make something into something (Ges^{§ 117ii}) Hosea 8:4; Genesis 27:9; Judges 17:4; Numbers 11:8; Numbers 17:3; Psalm 104:4; make something כָּלָה, i. e. utterly destroy it Nahum 1:8; Zephaniah 1:18; Ezekiel 20:17; Nehemiah 9:31; c. passive participle as 2nd accusative Exodus 38:7 they made it נְבוּב לֻחֹת hollow with boards, Exodus 39:9; but also with accusative + לְ, Hosea 2:10 gold they made into (ל) the Baal, Judges 8:27; Exodus 27:3 (P), Deuteronomy 9:14; Jeremiah 37:15; Ezekiel 4:9; Isaiah 44:17,19; make something for (ל person), + מִן of material Songs 3:9.

2 produce, yield: of grain, yielding meal Hosea 8:7 (twice in verse), vineyard, grapes Isaiah 5:2 (twice in verse); Isaiah 5:4 (twice in verse); Isaiah 5:10, tree, fruit 2 Kings 19:30 = Isaiah 37:31; Hosea 9:16; Jeremiah 12:2; Jeremiah 17:8; Ezekiel 17:23 (all figurative), Genesis 1:11,12 (P); branches Job 14:9 and (figurative) Ezekiel 17:8; land, fruit Leviticus 25:21 compare Habakkuk 3:17, absolute Genesis 41:47; of seed Isaiah 5:10, vine, shoots Ezekiel 17:6 (figurative); of cows, yielding milk Isaiah 7:22; hippop. producing fat Job 15:27.

3 prepare, especially of dressing and cooking food, Genesis 18:7,8; Judges 6:19; Judges 13:5; 1 Samuel 25:18 (passive), 2 Samuel 12:4 (twice in verse); Genesis 27:14,17,31; 2 Samuel 13:5,7; 1 Kings 17:12; Exodus 12:39 (+ ל reflexive); a bullock for sacrifice (see below) 1 Kings 18:23,25,26; כְּלֵי גוֺלָה Ezekiel 12:3 (+ ל reflexive); a chamber Nehemiah 13:7; prepare to build (+ ל person and infinitive).

4 make offering, e.g. עוֺלָה Judges 13:16; Jeremiah 33:18; Leviticus 16:24, עוֺלָה וָזֶבַח 2 Kings 5:17 (+ ל of deity), הַחַטָּאת Leviticus 14:19, אִשֶּׁה Numbers 15:3,14, various offerings 1 Kings 8:64; Leviticus 9:22; Ezekiel 45:17; Ezekiel 46:2 +; + ׳לי to ׳י Leviticus 17:9 +; also with accusative of thing sacrificed (perhaps originally prepare or provide, see above) Ezekiel 43:25 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 46:15; Leviticus 14:30; Leviticus 15:15,30; Leviticus 16:9; Numbers 6:11,17; Psalm 66:15 (+ ל of deity) +; absolute = offer sacrifice Exodus 10:25 (E + ׳לי), to (ל) heathen gods 2 Kings 17:32.

5 attend to, put in order: pare (the nails) Deuteronomy 21:12; wash (feet) 2 Samuel 19:25; trim (beard) v.2 Samuel 19:25 (compare French faire la barbe, German die Haare machen).

6 observe, celebrate, religious festival, e.g. passover Exodus 12:48; Numbers 9:4,6,13; Joshua 5:10, also (+ ׳לי) Exodus 12:48; Numbers 9:10,14 (all P), Deuteronomy 16:1 +; sabbath Exodus 31:16; Deuteronomy 5:15; feast of weeks Deuteronomy 16:10, booths Deuteronomy 16:13, Purim Esther 9:21,27, etc.

7 acquire property of various kinds (compare 'make money') Genesis 12:5; Genesis 31:5 (J), Isaiah 15:7; Jeremiah 17:11; Jeremiah 48:36; Deuteronomy 8:18; Ezekiel 22:18; Ezekiel 28:4 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 38:12; 2Chronicles 32:29; Ecclesiastes 2:8; + ל reflexive Deuteronomy 8:17; 2 Samuel 15:1; 1 Kings 1:5; of fruits from vineyards, etc. Psalm 107:37.

8 appoint priests 1 Kings 12:31; 1 Kings 13:33; 2Chron 2:17 (all + מִן source), a feast 1 Kings 12:32,33 (+ ל person); ordain a sacrifice Numbers 28:6, a festal day Psalm 118:24; institute, אוֺב וְיִדְּעֹנִי ghost and familiar spirit 2 Kings 21:6 2Chronicles 33:6 (compare Dr^{Deuteronomy 18:11}).

9 bring about, of ׳יs effecting a deliverance Exodus 14:13 (לָכֶם), 1 Samuel 11:13; 2 Samuel 23:10 (insert also "" 1 Chronicles 11:13 Dr), 1 Chronicles 11:12; cause, followed by clause with שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 3:14.

10 use, לִמְלַאכְתּוֺ ׳וְע 1 Samuel 8:16; passive Exodus 38:24.

11 spend, pass, days of life Ecclesiastes 6:12.

Niph`al₉₇ Perfect3masculine singular נַעֲשָׂה Judges 16:11 +; 3 feminine singular נֶעֶשְׂתָה 2 Samuel 17:23 +, etc.; Imperfect3masculine singular יֵעָשֶׂה Genesis 29:26 +, 3 feminine singular with ו subordinate וְתֵעָשׂ Esther 5:6; Esther 7:2; Esther 9:12 (Ges^{§ 109} f.), etc.; Infinitive construct הֵעָשׂוֺת Esther 9:1,14, etc., Participle נַעֲשֶׂה Nehemiah 5:18, etc.; —

1 be done (passive of Qal I 1):

a. subject מְלָאכָה Judges 16:11 (with ב instrumental), Nehemiah 6:16 (with מֵאֵת אֱלֹהִים ), Nehemiah 6:9; Exodus 12:16 4t.; subject omitted Ezekiel 44:14, indefinite Esther 4:1; with כֵּן Esther 9:14; be done, כַּתּוֺרָה Ezra 10:3; be committed, of offence, Deuteronomy 13:15; Numbers 15:24; Ecclesiastes 4:1 3t.; with negative not (yet) done, i.e. future Isaiah 46:10; be accomplished, performed, fulfilled Ezekiel 12:35; Ezekiel 12:38; Daniel 11:36; Esther 5:5; Esther 7:2; Esther 9:12; be executed, carried out, of sentence Ecclesiastes 8:11, decree Esther 9:1; be followed, of counsel 2 Samuel 17:28; nearly = occur Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:13; Ecclesiastes 9:3,6, subject מַעֲשֶׂה Ecclesiastes 1:14; Ecclesiastes 2:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Ecclesiastes 8:9,17, subject הֶבֶל Ecclesiastes 8:14, עִנְיָן Ecclesiastes 8:15.

b. Imperfect with negative, is (are) not done, not according to usage, of flagrant offences Genesis 20:9 (E), Genesis 29:26 (with כֵּן), Genesis 34:7 (both J), 2 Samuel 13:12 (כֵּן); hence (P) not to be done, forbidden by ׳י Leviticus 4:2,13,22,27; Leviticus 5:17.

c. be done to, with ל of animal 1 Samuel 11:7 (כֹּה); ל person Exodus 2:4 (E) Exodus 21:31 (E; כַּמִּשְׁמָּט), Isaiah 3:11; Jeremiah 5:13 (כֹּה), Leviticus 24:19 (H; כֵּן), Numbers 15:34 (P) + 8 t.; be done for, ל person Judges 11:37; Esther 6:3, עִם person Esther 6:3; ל of thing Numbers 15:11 (כָּכָה).

d. be done upon, against (ב) Daniel 9:12.

2 (passive of Qal II):

a. be made, of conr. things 1 Kings 10:20 2Chronicles 9:19 (throne), Jeremiah 3:16 (ark), 2 Kings 12:14; Ezekiel 43:18; Exodus 25:31; Numbers 4:36 (P); with accusative mat; Leviticus 2:7.

b. be produced from (מִן) vine Numbers 6:4.

c. be prepared, of food Exodus 12:16; Leviticus 6:14; Leviticus 7:9 (all P), Nehemiah 5:18 (twice in verse).

d. be offered, מִנְחָה Leviticus 2:8,11, kid Numbers 28:15,24.

e. be observed, passover 2 Kings 24:22; 2 Kings 24:23 (ל of deity) = 2 Chronicles 35:18,19; Purim Esther 9:28.

f. be used + ל of thing Leviticus 7:24 (P); Leviticus 13:51 (P) Ezekiel 15:5 (twice in verse).

Pu`al Perfect1singular עֻשֵּׂיתִי Psalm 139:15 I was made.

II. [עָשָׂה] verb Pi`el press, squeeze (Late Hebrew עִשָּׂה Pi`el compel; ᵑ7 עַסִּי Pa`el crush, gnash (teeth); compare Arabic compress a woman); — Perfect3plural עִשּׂוּ דַּדֵּי בְּתוּלִים Ezekiel 23:3,8 (unchaste act); Infinitive construct בַּעֲשׂוֺתדַּ֗֗֗דַּיִךְ Ezekiel 23:21 read Pi`el בְּעַשּׂוֺת (Ew Co Toy, and others).