H7676. shabbath

שַׁבָּת‎₁₁₁ noun feminine^{Ex 31:41+} and masculine^{Isaiah 66:2, 6} (under influence of יוֺם‎ in frequent הַשּׁ ׳יוֺם‎, Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 47}) sabbath ( = ת‎ + שׁבת‎; Late Hebrew שַׁבָּת‎, Aramaic שַׁבְּתָא‎, ; perhaps Assyrian šabattum (""um nu— libbi, day of rest of heart (i.e. propitiation) [of deity]: only in lexical Tablets); compare Lotz^{Quaest. de hist. Sabbati, 1883} Jen^{ZA iv (1889), 274 ff.} (doubts connection of Assyrian word with Hebrew Sabbath) Id^{S. S. Times, Jan. 16, 1892, 35 f.} Muss-Arn^{JBL xi (1892), 93} Schw^{Idioticon 127}; see (more recently) Jastr^{Amos. J. Theol. ii (1898), 332 ff.} Toy^{TBL xviii (1899), 190 ff.} Dr^{Hast. DB SABBATH (1902)} Zim^{KAT 3. 592 ff.; ZMG 1904, 199 ff.} [15th day of month so called]^458ff.); — absolute ׳שׁ‎ Exodus 16:25 64t.; construct שַׁבַּת‎ 16:23 10t.; suffix שַׁבַּתּוֺ‎ Numbers 28:10 3t. suffix; plural שַׁבָּתוֺת‎ Leviticus 23:15 7t.; construct שַׁבְּתתֹ‎ 23:38; 25:3, 8; suffix שַׁבְּתוֺתַי‎ Isaiah 56:4 +, etc.; —

1 sabbath:

a. primitive ׳שׁ ליהוה‎ Exodus 16:25 (J), 20:10 = Deuteronomy 5:14 (ten words) Leviticus 23:3 (P); ׳הַשּׁ‎ Exodus 16:29 (J); שׁ ׳הַשְּׁבִיעִי בַּיוֺם‎ 16:26 (J); on seventh day הַשַּׁבָּת יוֺם‎ 20:8, 11 = Deuteronomy 5:12, 15 (ten words), so throughout; Exodus 31:15 3t. P, Jeremiah 17:21; Ezekiel 46:4; Nehemiah 10:32 9t., + ("" new moon) Isaiah 1:13; Ezekiel 46:1; 2 Kings 4:23; Amos 8:5, compare Isaiah 66:23 (twice in verse), also חג‎ and מועד‎ Hosea 2:13; time of change of watch in temple 2 Kings 11:5, 7, 9 (twice in verse) = 2 Chronicles 23:4, 8 (twice in verse); ׳הַשּׁ מיסך‎ (in temple) 2 Kings 16:18; originally observed simply by abstinence from labour Exodus 20:9-10, = Deuteronomy 5:12-14; Exodus 23:12 (E), 34:21 (J; Br^{Hex. 181-195}).

b. Deuteronomic reason for day is deliverance from Egypt Deuteronomy 5:15, hence its consecration, לְקַדְּשׁוֺ‎ 5:12 = Exodus 20:8; השׁ יום ׳קדּשׁ‎ Jeremiah 17:22, 24, 27 (especially no load carried), Ezekiel 20:20; 44:24.

c. intensified by anith. שׁ ׳חלּל‎ Ezekiel 20:13 5t. Ezekiel; compare Nehemiah 13:18. Phrases in H: (ה)שׁ ׳שׁמר‎ Leviticus 19:3, 10; 26:2, then P Exodus 31:13-14, 16; compare Isaiah 56:2, 4, 6; י ׳קדושׁ קָדְשִׁי, יוֺם‎: 58:13 (twice in verse) (with כבּד‎). H also שַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם‎ Leviticus 26:35; הַשּׁ ׳מִמָּחֳרַת‎ 23:11, 15, 16; שַׁבְּתוֺתַי‎ 19:3, 30; 26:2; Isaiah 56:4; Ezekiel 20:12; 22:26, +8 t. Ezekiel; "" מוֺעֵד‎ Lamentations 2:6.

d. P gives as basis God's resting Exodus 20:11; 31:17; י ׳שׁבתות‎ Leviticus 23:38; ליהוה ׳שׁ קדשׁ‎ Exodus 16:23, compare Nehemiah 9:14, ׳שׁ שׁבתון‎ Exodus 31:15; 35:2; Leviticus 23:3; השׁ ׳עשׂה‎ Exodus 31:16, שׁ ׳עֹלַת בְּשַׁבַּתּוֺ‎ Numbers 28:10, compare Isaiah 66:23; הַשּׁ ׳בְּיוֺם הַשּׁ ׳בְּיוֺם‎ Leviticus 24:8 on every sabbath, abbreviation שַׁבָּת שַׁבַּת‎ 1 Chronicles 9:32; לַשַּׁבָּתוֺת‎ "" חֳדָשִׁים‎ + מועדים‎ 23:31 3t. Chronicles, Nehemiah 10:34 (ל‎ omitted by error); work punished by stoning Numbers 15:32, 36; trade prohibited Nehemiah 10:32; 13:15-21.

2 day of atonement is a שַׁבָּתוֺן שַׁבַּת‎ Leviticus 16:31; 23:32 (P), compare שַׁבָּת שָׁבַת‎ 23:32 (P).

3 sabbath year, שַׁבָּתוֺן שַׁבַּת‎ Leviticus 25:4 (H); ליהוה שַׁבָּת‎ 25:2; 25:4 (H), (הארץׅ רצה שַׁבְּתוֺתֶיהָ‎ 26:34 (twice in verse); 26:43 (H), 2 Chronicles 36:21.

4 = week(?): שַׁבָּתוֺת שֶׁבַע‎ Leviticus 23:15 (H), seven sabbaths or weeks; (ה)שָּׁנִים שַׁבְּתתֹ שֶׁבַע‎ 25:8; Lev 28:8 (H) seven sabbaths or weeks (of years), uncertain (see Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 18:12; Matthew 28:1, compare Jewish-Aramaic usage); possibly שַׁבָּת‎ Isaiah 66:23 = week (Du).

5 הָאָ֫רֶץ שַׁבַּת‎ Leviticus 25:6 (H) = produce in sabbath year (growing of itself).