H6635. tsaba

צָבָא‎ :485 noun masculine^{2 Chronicles 28:9} (possibly feminine Isaiah 10:2; 40:2; Daniel 8:12, but see Albr^{ZAW xv (1895), 319}; Bev^Dn) army, war, warfare; — absolute ׳צ‎ Numbers 1:3 + (מִצָּבָה‎ Zechariah 9:8); construct צְבָא‎ Numbers 10:15 +; suffix צְבָאִי‎ Job 14:14; צְבָאֲךָ‎ Judges 8:9; 9:29; צְבָיָו‎ Psalm 103:21; 148:2 (Kt צבאו‎; so read probably in both), etc.; plural צְבָאוֺת‎ Numbers 20:9 278t.; construct צִבְאוֺת‎ Exodus 12:41 2t.; suffix צִבְאֹתַי‎ 7:4; צִבְאֹתָם‎ 6:26 +, etc.; —

1 army, host:

a. organized for war Judges 8:6; 9:29 (J) Isaiah 34:2; Jeremiah 51:3; 2 Chronicles 28:9; צְבָאוֺ‎ his host Numbers 2:4, 6 10t. 2 (P), לְצִבְאֹתָם‎ 1:3, 52; 2:3, 9 11t. 2:10; 33:1 (P); הצ ׳אַלְפֵי‎ 31:48 (P); ׳צ ישׂראל‎2 Chronicles 25:7; (ה)צ ׳חֵיל‎ 1 Chronicles 20:1; 2 Chronicles 26:13; צ ׳גְּדוּדֵי‎ 1 Chronicles 7:4; כלהֿצבא‎ 2 Samuel 3:23; 10:7; 1 Chronicles 19:8; 2 Chronicles 26:14; שַׂר ׳(ה)צ‎ captain of (the) host Genesis 21:22, 32 (E) 26:26 (J) Judges 4:2, 7; 1 Samuel 12:9 21t.; שָׂרֵי (ה)צבא‎ 1 Kings 1:25 (but read שַׂר‎), 1 Chronicles 25:1; 26:26; 2 Chronicles 33:11; בצ ׳שָׂרִים‎ 1 Chronicles 12:22; שָׂרֵי (ה)צבאות‎ Deuteronomy 20:9; 1 Kings 2:5; 1 Chronicles 27:3; הצ ׳רָאשֵׁי‎ 12:14; צבאות מַלְכֵי‎ Psalm 68:13; עַל ׳(ה)צ‎ over the host (as captain) Numbers 10:14-15, 10t. Numbers 10 (P), 2 Samuel 8:16 = 1 Chronicles 18:15; 2 Samuel 17:25; 1 Kings 2:35; 4:4; הצ ׳כל אלֿ‎ 2 Samuel 20:23 (אל‎ for על‎); עַלצִֿבְאֹתָם‎ Exodus 6:26; 12:51 (P); צבאות הוציא‎ lead out armies 7:4; 12:17 (P); צ ׳יצא‎ army goes forth (to war) 12:41; 1 Chronicles 7:11; בְּצִבְאוֺתֵינוּ תֵצֵא לֹא‎ Psalm 44:10, of ׳י‎ going with our armies = 60:12 = 108:12; figurative of great number, רב צבא‎ 68:12. — On וְצָבָא חֲלִיפוֺת‎ Job 10:17 see Di; Bu proposes צְבָאֲ(ךָׅ תַּחֲלֵף‎ i.e. thou dost renew (thine) army against me.

b. host (organized body) of angels (compare Luke 2:13), השׁמים צבא‎ (כל‎) all the host of heaven 1 Kings 22:19 2 Chronicles 18:18; Nehemiah 9:6; צבאיו כל‎ Psalm 103:21; 148:2; הַמָּרוֺם צבא‎ Isaiah 24:21 host of the high (angle-princes; "" earthly monarchs); השׁמים צבא‎ Daniel 8:10, הצבא‎ 8:10 (al. v^{b figurative of Israel}); צ ׳שׂר ׳י‎ captain of the host of ׳י‎ Joshua 5:14-15, (theophanic angel); הצבא שׂר‎ Daniel 8:11 (angel-prince of Israel, others, God).

c. of sun, moon and stars, השׁמים כלצבא‎ Deuteronomy 4:19; 17:3; 2 Kings 17:16; 21:3, 5 2 Chronicles 33:3, 5; 2 Kings 23:4-5, Jeremiah 8:2; 19:13 (all as objects of worship), Isaiah 34:4; ׳צ השׁמים‎ Jeremiah 33:22; Zephaniah 1:5; צבאם כל‎ Nehemiah 9:6; Psalm 33:6; Isaiah 34:4; 45:12; צבאם‎ 40:26. — Jeremiah 3:19 see I. צְבִי‎.

d. of the entire creation, צבאם כל‎ Genesis 2:1.

2 war, warfare, service: צָבָא יָצָא‎ go out to war Numbers 1:3, 20 12t. Numbers 1; 26:2 (P) 1 Chronicles 5:18; 7:11; 12:33; 12:36; 2 Chronicles 25:5; 26:11; בצ ׳יצא‎ Numbers 31:36 (P) Deuteronomy 24:5; לצ ׳יצא‎ Numbers 31:27-28, (P); לצ ׳עלה‎ go up to war Joshua 22:12, 33 (P); מצ ׳בא‎ come from war Numbers 31:14; 2 Chronicles 28:12; לצ ׳קבץ‎ 1 Samuel 28:1; לצ ׳שׁלח‎ Numbers 31:4, 6 (twice in verse) (P) ׳בּצ התיחשׂם‎ 1 Chronicles 7:40; ׳צ תִנָּתֵן‎ Daniel 8:12; (ה)צ ׳אַנְשֵׁי‎ men of war Numbers 31:21, 53 (P) 1 Chronicles 12:8, compare הצ ׳עַם‎ Numbers 31:32(P); see also II. חלץ‎; לצ חַיִל ׳גִבּוֺרֵי‎ 1 Chronicles 12:25; צ ׳כְּלֵי‎ 12:37 instruments of war.

3 service:

a. of Levites in sacred places Numbers 4:3, 23, 30, 35, 39, 43; 8:24-25, וְצָבָא קֹדֶשׁ‎ Daniel 8:13 (al. as 8:11, 1b).

b. of hard service of troubled life Job 7:1; 14:14; Isaiah 40:2; Daniel 10:1.

4 צְבָאוֺת‎, in name of ׳י‎ as God of war, probably first in time of warlike David (some connect with sacred ark, but ark older), explained ישׂראל מערכות אֱלֹחֵי צבאות יהוה‎ 1 Samuel 17:45 ׳י‎ Sebaoth God of the battle array of Israel (the thought of angels and stars as army of God is later);

a. earliest form with article: ׳י הַצְּבָאוֺת אֱלֹהֵי‎ Amos 3:13; 6:14; 9:5 (אֱלֹהֵי‎ omitted by error, compare We), Hosea 12:6.

b. without article, definite by usage, ׳י צְבָאוֺת אֱלֹהֵי‎ 2 Samuel 5:10; Amos 5:14-15, 16; 6:8; 1 Kings 19:10, 14; Jeremiah 5:14; 15:16; Psalm 89:9; ׳י יִשְׂרָאֵל אֱלֹהֵי צְבָאֹת אֱלֹהֵי‎ Jeremiah 35:17; 38:17; 44:7; 1 Samuel 7:27 = 1 Chronicles 17:24; Isaiah 21:10; 37:16; Isaiah 1st אֱלֹהֵי‎ omitted Jeremiah 7:3, 21 30t. Jeremiah; Zephaniah 2:9; ׳י צ ׳אלהים ישׂראל אלהי‎ Psalm 59:6 (אלהים‎ variant of ׳י‎); ׳י ׳י, ׳א ׳צ שְׁמוֺ‎ God of hosts his name Amos 4:13; 5:27, later reduced to שְׁמוֺ ׳י ׳צ‎ Isaiah 47:4; 48:2; 51:15; 54:5; Jeremiah 10:16; 31:35 6t. Jeremiah

c. as proper name Sebaoth: ׳י ׳י, צבאות‎ Sebaoth (Lord of hosts, Vrss, owing to Qr אֲדֹנָי‎, but this never construct אֲדֹנֵי‎; al. ׳י‎ of hosts, but < names in apposition, since ׳י‎ is proper name; ׳צ‎ for earlier צ ׳אלהי‎; compare Σαβαωθ James 5:4; Romans 9:29): 1 Samuel 1:3, 11; 4:4; 15:2; 17:45; 2 Samuel 6:2, 18; 7:8, 26; 1 Kings 18:15; 2 Kings 3:14; 19:31; 1 Chronicles 11:9; 17:7; Psalm 24:10 6t. Psalms; Micah 4:4; Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Habakkuk 2:13; Zephaniah 2:10; Isaiah 1:9; 2:12; 5:7, 9, 16, 24 35t. Isaiah 6-39; Isa², only 44:6; 45:13; Jeremiah 6:6, 9; 8:3; 9:6; 9:16 26t. Jeremiah; Haggai 1:2, 5 12t. Haggai; Zechariah 1:3 (3 t. in verse); 1:4 40t. Zechariah 1-8; 9:15 8t. Zechariah 10-14; Malachi 1:4, 6, 8 21t. Malachi; י ׳האדון ׳צ‎ Isaiah 1:24 4t. Isaiah (including 10:16 Baer Gi > van d. H. אֲדֹנָי‎ for ׳י‎); י ׳אֲדֹנָי ׳צ‎ 3:15 + (on these phrase see אָדוֺן‎ 1, 6); צ ׳אלהים‎ (׳א‎ later Qr for original ׳י‎) Psalm 80:8; 80:15; ׳י צ ׳אלהים‎ (earlier ׳י‎ + later [inserted] ׳א‎) 80:5; Psalm 80:20; 84:9. — compare Dr^{Hastings DB (1900), LORD OF HOSTS and references}, Löhr^{Amos (Beiheftezur ZAW iv (1900), 38-67)}.

צְבָאִים צִבְאוֺת, צְבָאוֺת,‎ see further I, II. צְבִי‎.

צְבֹאִים‎ see צְבֹיִים‎.

I. צבב‎ (√ of following; compare Assyrian ƒumbu (=*ƒubbu), cart; צִיבָּא ᵑ7‎ low, covered wagon).