H5647. abad

עָבַד‎₂₉₀ verb work, serve (Old Aramaic עבד‎ do make, especially Nabataean, Palmyrene (often), Lzb^331f. Cook⁸⁶, so עֲבַד ᵑ7‎, Syriac (very often); but also Old Aramaic Phoenician עבד‎ slave, vassal (and in many proper names), עַבְדָּא ᵑ7‎, Syriac id.; Assyrian abdu, id. (rare); Late Hebrew עָבַד‎ serve, performs acts of worship (with accusative of congnate meaning with verb), and derivatives; Arabic worship, obey (God); compare We^{Skizzen iii. 165}; Heid. 141, II. enslave; slave, worshiper; Sabean עבד‎ id. DHM^{Südar. Alt. p. 18}; Gerber^{Verb. Denom. 14 ff.} thinks be slave, serve (Qal) and enslave (Hiph`il) are denominative, compare also Nö^{ZMG xl (1886), 741}); —

Qal₂₇₂ Perfect3masculine singular ׳ע‎ Ezekiel 29:18 +; suffix עֲבָדוֺ‎ Malachi 3:18 +; 3 masculine plural עָֽבְדוּ‎ Deuteronomy 7:4; עָבָ֑דוּ‎ Numbers 4:26, + 64 t. Perfect; Imperfect3masculine singular יַעֲבֹד‎ Genesis 25:23 +; suffix יַעַבְדֵ֫נִי‎ Exodus 4:23; יַעַבְדֶ֫נּוּ‎ Psalm 22:31; 2 Kings 10:18; 3masculine plural יַעַבְדוּ‎ Deuteronomy 12:30 +; יַעֲבֹ֑דוּ‎ Genesis 15:14 (Dr^{§ 103}) Job 36:11; 2masculine plural תַּעַבְדוּן‎ Exodus 3:12, תַּעֲבֹד֑וּן‎ Joshua 24:15, + 99 t. Imperfect; (נָָֽעָבְדֵם תָּעָבְדֵם,‎ see

Hoph`al); Imperative עֲבֹד‎ 1 Samuel 26:19; suffix עָבְדֵהוּ‎ 1 Chronicles 28:9; עִבְדוּ‎ Exodus 5:18 15t.; עֲבֹ֑דוּ‎ Ezekiel 20:39; suffix עִבְדֻהוּ‎ 1 Samuel 7:3; Infinitive construct עֲבֹד‎ Malachi 3:14 +; עֲבָדֿ‎ Jeremiah 34:9-10, suffix עָבְדוֺ‎ 27:6 +, etc.; Participle עֹבֵד‎ Genesis 4:2 +; plural עֹבְדִים‎ Numbers 18:21 +; construct עֹבְדֵי‎ Psalm 97:7 +; suffix עֹבְדָיו‎ 2 Kings 10:19; עֹבְדֵיהֶם‎ Zechariah 2:13; —

1 labour, work, do work: absolute Exodus 20:9 = 34:21 = Deuteronomy 5:13 (4th word); Exodus 5:18 (E) Ecclesiastes 5:11; with accusative of thing, till the ground Genesis 2:5; 3:23; 4:2, 12 (J), 2 Samuel 9:10; Isaiah 30:24; Jeremiah 27:11; Zechariah 13:5; Proverbs 12:11; 28:19 object omitted Deuteronomy 15:19; Ezekiel 48:19; vineyard Deuteronomy 28:39; garden Genesis 2:16 (J); פִשְׁתִּים עֹבְרֵי‎ Isaiah 19:9 workers in flax; הָעִיר עֹבְדֵ(יׅ‎ Ezekiel 48:18-19, labourers of the city; ׳ע עֲבֹדָתוֺ‎ Isaiah 28:21 work his work (only here of God, "" מַעֲשֵׂהוּ עשׂה‎); ׳ע על עבדה‎ Ezekiel 29:18 serve a military service against.

2 work for another, serve him by labour: absolute Exodus 21:2 (E); with accusative pers Genesis 29:15; 31:6; Exodus 21:6 (E) Deuteronomy 15:12, 18; Malachi 3:17; Jeremiah 34:14, king his people 1 Kings 12:7; subject animals Jeremiah 27:6; Job 39:9; with accusative of person and thing Genesis 30:26 (twice in verse); 30:29 (J); with לְ‎ person 2 Samuel 16:19; עִם‎ Genesis 29:25, 30 (E) Leviticus 25:40 (P); עִמָּדִי‎ Genesis 29:27 (E); לִפְנֵי‎ 2 Samuel 16:19 (twice in verse); with בְּ‎ of price Genesis 29:18, 20, 25; 31:41 (E) Hosea 12:13; Ezekiel 29:20; with בְּ‎ personwork by means of another, use him as slave, Exodus 1:14; Leviticus 25:39, 46 (P) Jeremiah 22:13; 25:14; 27:7; 30:8; 34:9-10,.

3 serve as subjects: usually with accusative, their own chiefs or kings Judges 9:28 (twice in verse); 9:38; 1 Samuel 11:1; 1 Kings 5:1 +; other kings, by tribute Psalm 18:44 = 2 Samuel 22:44; Jeremiah 27:7; 28:14; 2 Kings 25:24 +, other nations 2 Samuel 10:19; Jeremiah 40:9; Zechariah 2:13 +, kings other kings 2 Kings 18:7 +, with לְ‎, 1 Samuel 4:9 (twice in verse); עֹבֵד מַס‎ Genesis 49:15 (J) Joshua 16:10; 1 Kings 9:21 (see מַס‎); with בְּ‎ person, work with, i.e. use as subjects, impose tribute upon, Jeremiah 25:14; 27:7; 30:8; Ezekiel 34:27.

4 serve God:

a. with accusative ׳י‎, Exodus 3:12; 4:23; 7:16; Exodus 7:26 (JE), Psalm 22:31; Job 21:15; Malachi 3:14 +; with accusative of person and thing Exodus 10:26 (E); accusative of person omitted, Jeremiah 2:20 (read אֶעֱבוֺד‎ Kt), ומנחה זבח עבד‎ Isaiah 19:21 serve with peace-offering and grain-offering; עֲבֹדָה עבד‎ Exodus 13:5 (of מַצֹּת‎).

b. other gods, with accusative ׳א‎ Deuteronomy 7:16; 12:2, 30 ; אחרים אלהים‎ 7:4; 8:19; 11:16; 13:7; 13:14; 17:3; 28:14, 36, 64; 29:25; 30:17; 31:20; Joshua 23:16; 24:2, 16; Judges 2:10; 10:13; 1 Samuel 8:8; 26:19; 1 Kings 9:6, 9; 2 Kings 17:35; 2 Chronicles 7:19, 22; Jeremiah 11:10; 13:10; 16:11, 13; 22:9; 25:6; 35:15 (all D and Jeremiah); הַגּוֺיִם אֱלֹהֵי‎ Deuteronomy 29:17; זָרִים‎ Jeremiah 5:19; השׁמים צבא כל‎ Deuteronomy 4:19; 2 Kings 21:3; 2 Chronicles 33:3; Jeremiah 8:2; הבעל(יםׅ‎ Judges 2:11; 3:7; 10:6; 10:10; 1 Samuel 12:10; 1 Kings 16:31; 1 Kings 22:54; 2 Kings 10:18 (twice in verse); 10:19 (twice in verse); 10:21-22, 23 (twice in verse); 17:16; נֵכָר אלהי‎ Joshua 24:20; Jeremiah 5:19; (הַ)גִּלּוּלִים‎ 2 Kings 17:12; 21:21 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 20:39; האשׁרים‎2 Chronicles 24:18; עצבים‎ Psalm 106:36; פסיל(יםׅ‎2 Chronicles 33:22; 2 Kings 17:41; פסל‎ 2Ki 97:7; with לְ‎, לבעל‎ Judges 2:13; אחרים לאלהים‎ Jeremiah 44:3.

5 serve ׳י‎ with Levilical service (all P; compare RS^{Sem i. 69}): with accusative עֲבֹדָה עבד‎ (see עֲבֹדָה‎) Numbers 3:7-8, 4:23, 30, 47; 7:5; 8:11, 19, 22, 26; 16:9; 18:6, 21, 23; Joshua 22:27; accusative omitted Numbers 4:24, 26, 37, 41; 8:15 (but עבדה ᵐ5 ⅏‎), 8:25; 18:7.

Niph`al Perfect3masculine singular נֶעְבָּ֑ד‎ Ecclesiastes 5:8; 2masculine plural נֶעֱבַדְתֶּם‎ Ezekiel 36:9; Imperfect3masculine singular יֵעָבֵד‎ Deuteronomy 21:4; 3feminine singular תֵּעָבֵד‎ Ezekiel 36:34; —

1 be tilled, of land Deuteronomy 21:4; Ezekiel 36:9, 34.

2 Ecclesiastes 5:8 נֶעְבָּ֑ד לְשָׂדֶה מֶלֶךְ‎ dubious: a king for (devoted to) the cultivated field (Hi); a king that maketh himself servant to the field (devoted to agriculture), De^{see Commentaries}, especially De.

Pual Perfect3masculine singular עֻבַּד‎ Deuteronomy 21:3; Isaiah 14:3; passive of

Qal, with בְּ‎ impersonal Deuteronomy 21:3 of a calf with which it has not been worked; hard service with which it was worked with captives Isaiah 14:3.

Hiph`il Perfect3masculine singular הֶעֱבִיד‎ Ezekiel 29:18; 2masculine singular suffix הֶעֱבַדְתַּ֫נִי‎ Isaiah 43:24, הֶעֱבַדְתִּיךָ‎ 43:23, וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ‎ Jeremiah 17:4; Imperfect3masculine singular וַיַּעֲבֵד‎2 Chronicles 34:33; 3 masculine plural יַעֲבִדוּ‎ Exodus 1:13;

Infinitive construct הַעֲבִיד‎2 Chronicles 2:17; Participle plural מַעֲבִדִים‎ Exodus 6:15; —

1 compel to labour as slaves Exodus 1:13; 6:5 (P) 2 Chronicles 2:17, + Genesis 47:21 (reading לַעֲבָדִים הֶעֱבִיד‎), 2 Samuel 12:31 (reading וְהֶעֱבִיד‎ + בְּ‎ at; on both these see עבר‎

Hiph`il near the end); cause to serve, of army's service against, with accusative + (על)אל‎ Ezekiel 29:18; cause to labour, weary, with בְּ‎ of means Isaiah 43:23-24, (perhaps play on meanings 2, 3).

2 make to serve as subjects, with 2 accusative Jeremiah 17:4, + 15:14 (read וְהַעֲבַרְתִּיךָ‎ see עבר‎

Hiph`il near the end).

3 cause to serve God 2 Chronicles 34:33.

Hoph`al Imperfect2masculine singular suffix תָּֽעָבְדֵם‎ Exodus 20:5 = Deuteronomy 5:9; Exodus 23:24; 1plural suffix נָָֽעָבְדֵם‎ Deuteronomy 13:3 (Kö<sup>i. 259</sup> Sta<sup>§ 549 g</sup> Thes; < Nes<sup>Marg. 12 f.</sup> Qal anomalously pointed (compare W<sup>AG. ed. 2, i, 62 n.</sup> Fl<sup>Kl. Schr. i. 98</sup>); Ges<sup>§ 60</sup> R. 1 Dr Qal falsely pointed as Hoph`al); — be led or enticed to serve other gods Exodus 20:5 = Deuteronomy 5:9; Exodus 23:24; Deuteronomy 13:8.