H2398. chata

חָטָא‎₂₃₈ verb miss (a goal or way), go wrong, sin (Late Hebrew id.; Aramaic חֲטָא‎ Assyrian —a‰û. Zim^{BP 46}; Sabean החֿטא חֿטא,‎ id., DHM in MV; Arabic do wrong, commit a mistake or an error; II. make to miss the mark; IV. miss the mark, miss the way; Ethiopic fail to find or have; sometimes sin, especially in derivatives) —

Qal Perfect ׳ח‎ Exodus 32:31 + 29: t., 3 feminine singular חָֽטְאָה‎ Leviticus 5:15; Lamentations 1:8, חָטָֽאָה‎ Jeremiah 50:14; Ezekiel 16:15, חָטָאת‎ Exodus 5:16, etc., + 82 t. Perfect; Imperfect יֶחֱטָא‎ Leviticus 4:3 12t., תֶּחֱטָ֫אוּ‎ Exodus 20:20; Psalm 4:5, etc. + 20 t. Imperfect; Infinitive חֲטֹא‎ Ezekiel 3:21 8t., מֵחֲטוֺא‎ Psalm 39:2, מֵחֲטוֺ‎ (text error for מחטא‎) Genesis 20:6, בְּחֶטְאָה‎ Numbers 15:28, חֲטאֹתוֺ‎ Ezekiel 33:12 (strike out Co); Participle חוֺטֵא‎ Proverbs 13:22 6t., חֹטֵא‎ Isaiah 1:4; Ecclesiastes 9:2, חוֺטֶא‎ Isaiah 65:20 2t., חֹטֶא‎ Ecclesiastes 8:12, suffix חֹטְאִי‎ Proverbs 8:36, plural חֹטִ֯אֿים‎ 1 Samuel 14:33, suffix חֹטֵאת‎ Ezekiel 18:4, 20; —

1 miss: תחטא לא‎ thou shalt not miss anything Job 5:24, חוֺטֵא בְּרַגְּלַיִם אָץ‎ Proverbs 19:2 one hastening with his feet misseth (the way or the goal); חֹמֵסנַפְשׁוֺ חֹטְאִי‎ 8:36 the one missing me (Wisdom) is one wronging himself (opposed to מֹצְאִי‎); miss, i.e. endanger, one's life 20:2; Habakkuk 2:10 according to De VB (others below 3 q. v.)

2 sin, miss the goal or path of right and duty:

a. against man, absolute Exodus 5:16 (E), 1 Samuel 26:21; 2 Samuel 19:21; 1 Kings 18:9; 2 Kings 18:14; with לְ‎ of the person against whom or towards whom one sins, Genesis 40:1 (E), Judges 11:27; 1 Samuel 2:25; 19:4; 24:12, 1 Kings 8:31 2 Chronicles 6:22; לך חטאתי מה‎ wherein have I sinned against thee ? Genesis 20:9 (E) Jeremiah 37:18; with בילד תחטאו אל בְּ,‎ Genesis 42:22 (E) do not sin against the lad, against David 1 Samuel 19:4-5,.

b. elsewhere always against God, absolute Exodus 20:20 (E), 9:34 (J) Joshua 7:11 (D) Leviticus 4:3; 5:1, 11, 17 (twice in verse); Leviticus 5:21; Leviticus 5:23; Numbers 16:22 (P), Nehemiah 6:13; Job 1:5, 22; 7:20; 10:14; 24:19; 35:6; Psalm 4:5; 78:32; Isaiah 43:27; 64:4; Jeremiah 2:35; Lamentations 5:7; Ezekiel 3:21 (twice in verse); 16:51; 28:16; 33:12; Hosea 8:11 (strike out We ^{Kl. Proph}.) 8:11; 10:9; 13:2; חכי לחטא נתתי לא‎ I have not permitted my palate to sin Job 31:30; Participle חֹטֵא‎, used as adjective, sinful nation Isaiah 1:4; sinful person Ezekiel 18:4, 20; but usually as noun, sinner Proverbs 11:31; 13:22; 14:21; Ecclesiastes 2:26; 7:26; 8:12; 9:2, 18; Isaiah 65:20. Sin is confessed: חָטָאנוּ‎ we have sinned Numbers 14:40; 21:7 (E) Judges 10:15; 1 Samuel 12:10; 1 Kings 8:47 2 Chronicles 6:37; Nehemiah 1:6; Psalm 106:6; Lamentations 5:16; Daniel 9:5, 15; חטאתי‎ I have sinned Exodus 9:27; Numbers 22:34 (J) 1 Samuel 15:24, 30; 2 Samuel 24:10, 17; 1 Chronicles 21:8, 17; Job 33:27. Sin is universal: יחטא לא אשׁר אדם אין‎ there is no man who sinneth not 1 Kings 8:46 2 Chronicles 6:36, יחטא ולא טוב יעשׂה אשׁר בארץ צדיק אין אדם כי‎ Ecclesiastes 7:20 for man there is none righteous in the earth who doeth good and sinneth not; with לְ‎, against God Genesis 20:6 (E), 39:9 (J), Exodus 32:33; Numbers 32:33 (both J E), Deuteronomy 9:16; 20:18; 1 Samuel 2:25; 12:23; 14:33-34, 1 Kings 8:33, 35, 46, 50 2 Chronicles 6:24, 26, 36, 39; 2 Kings 17:7; Hosea 4:7; Micah 7:9; Zephaniah 1:17; Jeremiah 40:3; 44:23; 50:7, 14; Ezekiel 14:13; Isaiah 42:24; Job 8:4; Psalm 78:17; 119:11; Nehemiah 1:6; in confession ל חטאתי‎ Exodus 10:16; Joshua 7:20 (J), 2 Samuel 12:13 Psalm 41:5; 51:6; ל חטאנו‎ Deuteronomy 1:41; Judges 10:10; 1 Samuel 7:6; Jeremiah 3:25; 8:14; 14:7, 20; Daniel 9:8, 11; with בְּ‎ of instrument, lips Job 2:10, tongue Psalm 39:2; wherein Ezekiel 37:23; Leviticus 4:23 (P), therein Leviticus 5:22 (P); ellipsis of בְּ‎ in pharse ח אשׁר ׳עונם לי‎ (their) iniquity wherein they sinned against me Jeremiah 33:8 (twice in verse); בשׁגגה‎ by error, unwittingly Leviticus 4:2, 22, 27; 5:15; Numbers 15:27-28, (all P); against thy judgements Nehemiah 9:29; with עַל‎ with regard to Leviticus 5:5; Numbers 6:11(P) Nehemiah 13:26; with cognate accusative ׳ח חֲטָאָה‎ Exodus 32:30-31, (JE); ח ׳אשׁר חַטָּאת‎ Numbers 12:11(J) Leviticus 4:3, 28 (twice in verse); 4:35; 5:6, 10, 13 (all P) 19:22 (twice in verse) (H), Deuteronomy 9:18; 1 Kings 14:16, 22; 15:30; 16:13, 19; 2 Kings 21:17; Ezekiel 18:24; 33:16; ח אשׁר ׳חטאת ל‎ Jeremiah 16:10; Nehemiah 1:6; ח אשׁר ׳חטאת על‎ Leviticus 4:14 (P); ח ׳חֵטְא‎ Lamentations 1:8; ח ׳אשׁר חֵטְא‎ Deuteronomy 19:15.

3 incur guilt, penalty by sin, forfeit: הימים כל לך וחטאתי‎ Genesis 43:9 I shall incur the blame of sinning against thee all my days, compare 44:32 (J); with accusative נפשׁ חוֺטֵא‎ for feiting oneself, one's life Proverbs 20:2; Habakkuk 2:10 according to most, yet see below

1 — ח אשׁר אשׁמו ׳והביא‎ Leviticus 5:7 he shall bring his trespass-offering which he has incurred by sin; ח אשׁר ׳קרבנו‎ 5:11; ישׁלּם ח אשׁר ׳את מןהֿקדשׁ‎ 5:16 what he hath incurred by taking of the holy thing he shall pay.

Pi`el Perfect חִטֵּא‎ Leviticus 14:52; suffix חִטְּאוֺ‎ Numbers 19:19, חִטֵּאתָ‎ Exodus 29:36 2t.; 3 plural חִטְּאוּ‎ Ezekiel 43:22 (twice in verse); Imperfect יַיְחַטֵּא‎ Leviticus 8:15; suffix וַיְהַטְּאֵהוּ‎ 9:15, תְּחַטְּאֵנִי‎ Psalm 51:9, אֲחַטֶּנָּה‎ Genesis 31:39, וַיְחַטְּאוּ‎2 Chronicles 29:24; Infinitive חַטֵּא‎ Leviticus 14:49; Ezekiel 43:23; Participle הִמְחַטֵּא‎ Leviticus 6:19; —

1 bear loss: אֲחַטֶּנָּה אָנֹכִי‎ I bare the loss of it Genesis 31:39 (E; lit I let it be missing ? possibly read אֲחֻטּנה‎ I was made to miss it ?).

2 make a sin-offering: with suffix referring to שׁעיר‎ Leviticus 9:15 (P); to sin-offering 6:19 (P); המזבח על‎ upon the altar Exodus 29:36 (P; not cleanse the altar RV); ׳ח המזבחה דמם את‎2 Chronicles 29:24 made a sin-offering with their blood on the altar.

3 purity from sin: the altar, by putting the blood of the sin-offering on its horns, Leviticus 8:15 (P), Ezekiel 43:20, 22 (twice in verse); 43:23; the sanctuary, by applying to it the blood of the sin-offering 45:18.

4 purity from uncleanness: the house of the leper by application of the mixture of living water and blood of the bird Leviticus 14:49, 52 (P); a person, by application of then mixture of living water and ashes of the red heifer Numbers 19:19 (P), by sprinkling with a hyssop spring Psalm 51:9.

Hiph`il Perfect הֶחֱטִיא‎ 1 Kings 14:16-17t., הֶחֶטִ֯י‎ (Kt error for החטִיא‎) 2 Kings 13:6; suffix הֶחֱטִיאָם‎ 17:21; plural הֶחֱטִיאוּ‎ 1 Kings 16:13; Nehemiah 13:26; Imperfect יַחֲטִא‎ Judges 20:16; 2 Kings 21:11; תַּחֲטִיא‎ Deuteronomy 24:4; וַתַּחֲטִא‎ 1 Kings 16:2; 21:22; plural יַחֲטִיאוּ‎ Exodus 23:33; Infinitive הַחֲטִיא‎ Ecclesiastes 5:5; 1 Kings 16:19; Jeremiah 32:35 (Qr), הַחֲ֯טִי‎ 32:35 (Kt error); Participle plural construct מַחֲטִיאֵי‎ Isaiah 29:21; —

1 miss the mark: יַחֲטִא וְלֹא אֶלהַֿשַּׂעְרָה בָּאֶבֶן קֹלֵעַ‎ Judges 20:16 slinging with stones at an hair and would not miss.

2 induce or cause to sin: with accusative Exodus 23:33(JE), Nehemiah 13:26; elsewhere in the phrase ישׂראל את החטיא‎ (he) caused Israel to sin 1 Kings 14:16; 15:26, 30, 34; 16:2, 13, 19, 26; 21:22; 22:53; 2 Kings 3:3; 10:29, 31; 13:2, 6, 11; 14:24; 15:9, 18, 24, 28; 23:15; with suffix reference to Israel 17:21; יהודה את‎ 21:11, 16; Jeremiah 32:35 (sometimes with 2nd accusative — חטאת‎, or אשׁר‎ reference to חטאת‎: — 1 Kings 15:26, 34; 16:26; 2 Kings 17:21; 21:16; peob. also 1 Kings 14:16; 15:30; 16:13; no 2nd accusative 16:2, 19; 21:22; 22:53; 2 Kings 21:11; 23:15; Jeremiah 32:35; the rest are ambiguous).

3 bring into guilt, condemnation, punishment: אדם מחטיאי‎ Isaiah 29:21 who bring a man into condemnation; הארץ את תחטיא לא‎ Deuteronomy 24:4 thou shalt not bring the land into guilt; אתבֿשׂרך לחטיא אתפֿיך תתן אל‎ Ecclesiastes 5:4 do not permit thy mouth to bring thy flesh into punishment.

Hithpa`el Imperfect יִתְחַטָּא‎ Numbers 19:12 4t., יִתְחַטְּאוּ‎ 8:21; יִתְחַטָּ֑אוּ‎ Job 41:17, תִּתְחַטְּאוּ‎ Numbers 31:19, תִּתְחַטָּ֑אוּ‎ 31:20; —

1 miss oneself, lose oneself, figurative for be bewildered, beside oneself, יִתְחַטָּאוּ מִשְּׁבָרִים‎ Job 41:17 by reason of consternation they are beside themselves ("" יגורו‎ are afraid).

2 purity oneself from uncleanness, only in P:

a. Levites Numbers 8:21.

b. those in contact with thedead Numbers 19:12-13, 20; 31:19-20, with נִּדָּה בְּמֵי בְּ,‎ 31:23; by a mixture of ashes of the red heifer with fresh water 19:12.