H1818. dam

דָּם‎₃₆₀ noun masculine^{Genesis 9:6} blood (Late Hebrew id., Arabic , Ethiopic Assyrian damu Nor²³⁹ Zim^{BP 72, 76}; Aramaic דְּמָא דַּם,‎ , ) — absolute ׳ד‎ 37:22 154t.; construct דַּם‎ 9:6 62t.; suffix דָּמִי‎ 1 Samuel 26:20 3t.; דָּֽמְךָ‎ 2 Samuel 1:16 (Qr; Kt דמיך‎) + 4 t.; דָּמֵךְ‎ Ezekiel 16:22 3t.; דָּמוֺ‎ Genesis 9:4 30t.; דָּמָהּ‎ Leviticus 4:30 (twice in verse) + 11 t.; דִּמְכֶם‎ Genesis 9:5; דָּמָם‎ Leviticus 16:27 11t.; plural דָּמִים‎ Exodus 4:25 35t.; construct דְּמֵי‎ Genesis 4:10 18t.; suffix דָּמֶיךָ‎ 2 Samuel 1:16 Kt (Qr דָּֽמְךָ‎); דָּמַיִךְ‎ Ezekiel 16:6 (3 t. in verse); 16:9; דָּמָיו‎ Leviticus 20:9 3t.; דָּמֶיהָ‎ 12:7 2t.; דְּמֵיהֶם‎ 20:11 5t.; —

1 blood of man or animal, = the life (נֶפֶשׁ‎) Genesis 9:4 (P) Deuteronomy 12:23; Leviticus 17:14 (twice in verse) (H); compare הִוא בַּדָּם הַבָּשָׂר נֶפֶשׁ‎ 17:11 (H) & לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם דִּמְכֶם‎ Genesis 9:5 (P); see also Psalm 72:14 בְּעֵינָיו דָּמָם וְיֵיקַר‎; hence blood of animals not to be eaten Leviticus 3:17; 7:26-27,(all P) 17:10 (twice in verse); 17:12 (twice in verse); 17:14; 19:26 (all H) Deuteronomy 12:16, 23; 15:23; 1 Samuel 14:32-33, 34; Ezekiel 33:25 (compare RS^{K 310}), but to be poured out & covered with dust Leviticus 17:13 (compare RS^{Semitic i. 216 f.}).

2 usually blood become visible,

a. as from a wound ׳ד הַמַּכָּה‎ 1 Kings 22:35 (compare דָּמִים חֲתַן‎ Exodus 4:25-26, see below h); licked by dogs 1 Kings 21:19 (twice in verse); 22:38; Ezekiel 32:6; from the nose Proverbs 30:33; bloody issue of a woman Leviticus 15:19 compare 15:25; plural טָֽהֳרָה דְּמֵי‎ 12:4-5, & דָּמֶיהָ מְקֹר‎ 12:7 (all P) 20:18 (H); blood in which child welters Ezekiel 16:6 (twice in verse); 16:22 + 16:6 (strike out A B Co and others); of goat Genesis 37:31 (JE); of slain bird Leviticus 14:6, 51, 52.

b. often object of שָׁפַךְ‎, spill, shed Genesis 9:6 (P) 37:22 (E) Numbers 35:33 (P) Leviticus 17:4 (H) Deuteronomy 21:7; 1 Samuel 25:31; 1 Kings 18:28; 2 Kings 21:16; 24:4; 1 Chronicles 22:8; Ezekiel 16:38; 22:4, 6, 9, 12, 27; 23:45; 33:25; 36:18 (strike out B Co) Proverbs 1:16 also Psalm 79:3 כַּמַּיִם דָמָם שָֽׁפְכוּ‎; דָּם שֹׁפֵךְ‎ a blood-shedder Ezekiel 18:10; דָּם שֹׁפֶכֶת עִיר‎ 22:3 compare 22:4 (also 1 Kings 2:31; Jeremiah 22:3, 17; 1 Chronicles 22:8; 28:3; Proverbs 6:17; Lamentations 4:13); less often subject of passive נִשְׁמָּךְ שָׁפוּךְ,‎, etc. Genesis 9:6; Numbers 35:33 (both P) Deuteronomy 19:10; Zephaniah 1:17; Psalm 79:10.

c. חָלָל דַּם‎ Deuteronomy 32:42 (song) blood of slain; ׳ד חֲלָלִים‎ 2 Samuel 1:22 so Numbers 23:24 (JE), object of שָׁתָה‎, of Israel under figure of lion; compare also Ezekiel 39:17-18, 19, & 2 Samuel 23:17 = 1 Chronicles 11:19 (הָאֲנָשִׁים דַּם‎ hyperbole for imperilled life); as food of young eagles Job 39:30.

d. often of innocent blood, i.e. blood shed with injustice & cruelty, נָקִי דָּם‎ Deuteronomy 21:8-9, 1 Samuel 19:5; 2 Kings 21:16; 24:4; Psalm 94:21; 106:38 compare Psalm 94:38; Proverbs 6:17; Isaiah 59:7; Jeremiah 7:6; 22:3 (also 26:15); נָקִיא דָּם‎ Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14; also in construct נָקִי דַּם‎ Deuteronomy 19:10; compare 27:25 ׳ד ׳נ נֶפֶשׁ לְהַכּוֺת‎; הַנָּקִי דַּם‎ 19:13; Jeremiah 22:17; 2 Kings 24:4; נְקִיִּים דַּם‎ Jeremiah 19:4; נְקִיִּים אֶבְיוֺנִים נַפְשׁוֺת דַּם‎ 2:34; further צַדִּיקִים דַּם‎ Lamentations 4:13; חִנָּם דְּמֵי‎ 1 Kings 2:31; in Psalm 31:10 דָּמִי‎ = my death ("" אֶלשַֿׁחַת רִדְתִּי‎).

e. evenger of blood הַדָּם גֹּאֵל‎ Numbers 35:19, 21, 24, 25, 27 (twice in verse) (all P); Deuteronomy 19:6, 12; Joshua 20:3, 5, 9; 2 Samuel 14:11.

f. plural דָּמִים‎ of abundance, blood in quantity, hence sometimes of blood shed by rude violence, and of blood-stains; — Genesis 4:10-11,(J) as crying from the ground for vengeance (compare RS^{Semitic i. 397}), compare also 2 Samuel 3:28; 16:8; 2 Kings 9:26 (twice in verse); Isaiah 1:15; 9:4; 26:21; Ezekiel 16:6 (3 t. in verse); 16:9, 36 (on text of 16:6 see above) Zechariah 9:7; 2 Chronicles 24:25; אָדָם דְּמֵי‎ Habakkuk 2:8, 17, and in other connections; but interchangeably with singular 2 Samuel 3:27; 20:12; 2 Kings 9:33; Isaiah 34:3, 6 (twice in verse); 34:7; Ezekiel 21:37; Ezekiel 22:13 (plural Co) 24:8 (twice in verse) and elsewhere; see especially דָמִי אַלתְּֿכַסִּי אֶרֶץ‎ Job 16:18; ירושׁלם דְּמֵי‎ blood-stains of Jerusalem Isaiah 4:4; = slaughter, singular Genesis 37:26 (J) Jeremiah 48:10; Ezekiel 5:17; 28:23 ("" דֶּבֶר‎) 38:22 ("" id.); דַּםעֲֿבָדָיו‎ Deuteronomy 32:43 (song: compare Psalm 79:10); plural עֲבָדַי דְּמֵי‎ 2 Kings 9:7 (twice in verse); יִזְרְעֶאל דְּמֵי‎ Hosea 1:4; bloodshed at Jezreel; compare נָגָ֑עוּ בְּדָמִים דָּמִים‎ 4:2; מִלְחָמָה דְּמֵי‎ 1 Kings 2:5 (twice in verse); in Ezekiel 9:9 חָמָס הָאָרֶץ וַתִּמָּלֵא‎ (Baer) read דָּמִים‎ for חָמָס‎ see d. H. Vrss Co Comm.; לְדָם אָרַב‎ lie in wait for blood Proverbs 1:11 compare 1:18; 12:6; Micah 7:2; דָּמִים‎ of a plan of murder Isaiah 33:15 (object of שׁמע‎); דָּמִים מִשְׁמַּט‎ Ezekiel 7:23 bloody crime; as symbol of oppression, violence Micah 3:10 ("" עַוְלָה‎), Habakkuk 2:12 ("" id.)

g. דָּמִים‎ = guilt of bloodshed, blood-guiltiness Exodus 22:1, then more Generally, mortal sin (RS^{OTJC 417, 2nd ed. 441}, compare Ezekiel 18:13) Psalm 51:16 (compare Hosea 12:15); also בְדָמִים בּוֺא‎ 1 Samuel 25:26, 33.

h. plural also in pharses: דָּמִים חֲתַן‎ bloody bridegroom Exodus 4:25-26, also those denoting character, chiefly in poetry, דָּמִים אִישׁ‎ bloody man (sanguinary) 2 Samuel 16:8; Psalm 5:7 הַדָּמִים אִישׁ‎ 2 Samuel 16:7; דָּמִים אַנְשֵׁי‎, Psalm 26:9; Psalm 55:24; 59:3; 139:19; Proverbs 29:10; הַדָּמִים ואלבֵּֿית‎ bloody house 2 Samuel 21:1 but read with ᵐ5‎ We Dr דמים בֵּיתֹה ואל‎, & on his house is blood; דָּמִים עִיר‎ Nahum 3:1; הַדָּמִים עִיר‎ Ezekiel 22:2; 24:6 + 24:9 (strike out B Co).

i. בּוֺ דָּמָיו‎ his blood is in (upon) him, he is responsible for his own death Leviticus 20:9 compare 20:11; 20:12; 20:13; 20:16; 20:27 (all H), Ezekiel 18:13 ( + יִהְיֶה‎); בּוֺ דָּמוֺ‎ 33:5; בְּראֹשׁוֺ דָּמוֺ‎ Joshua 2:19 (twice in verse); so with שָׁבוּ‎ 1 Kings 2:33, יִהְיֶה‎ 2:37; Ezekiel 33:4; ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ עַל דָּֽמְ֯יךָ‎ 2 Samuel 1:16, and י ׳הֵשִׁיב עַלרֿאֹשׁוֺ אֶתדָּֿמוֺ‎ 1 Kings 2:32; also בְּבֵיתְךָ דָּמִים תָשִׂים לֹא‎ Deuteronomy 22:8; and אֲבִימֶלֶךְ עַל לָשׂוּם דָּמָם‎ Judges 9:24; (אלׅ על דָּם נָתַן‎ Jeremiah 26:15; Jonah 1:14; דָּמִים עָלָיךָ וְהָיָה‎ Deuteronomy 19:10, see 2 Samuel 21:1 above; also singular Ezekiel 22:4 אָשַׁמְתְּ בְּדָמֵךְ‎, and as subject of לְ יֵחָשֵׁב‎ shall be imputed to Leviticus 17:4 (H); דָמִים לוֺ אֵין‎ Exodus 22:1 compare 22:2 (both J E) & (singular) Numbers 35:27 (P).

j. of judicial process in case of bloodshed לְדָם בֵּיןדָּֿם לַמִּשְׁמָּט דָּבָר‎ Deuteronomy 17:8 compare 2 Chronicles 19:10; רֵעֶ֑ךָ עַלדַּֿם תַּעֲמֹד לֹא‎ Leviticus 19:16 (H).

k. in phrase require blood at the hand of, exact vengeance (for it) from, מִיַּד דָּמוֺ דָּרַשׁ‎ Ezekiel 33:6; Genesis 9:5; נִדְרָשׁ דָּמוֺ‎ 42:22 (E); absolute דמים דֹּרשׁ‎ Psalm 9:13; מִיֶּדְכֶם אֶתדָּֿמוֺ אֲבַקֵּשׁ‎ 2 Samuel 4:11 compare Ezekiel 3:18, 20; 33:8; ד ׳מָּקַד עַלֿ‎ Hosea 1:4; ד ׳וְנִקֵּיתִי‎ Joel 4:21; Ezekiel 35:6 (4 t. in verse); compare on the other hand י מְּנֵי מִנֶּגֶד אַרְצָה דָּמִי ׳אַליִֿמֹּל‎ 1 Samuel 26:20 i.e. let it not de unavenged.

l. of blood as defiling a land Numbers 35:33 (P) compare Psalm 106:38 (plural בדמים‎); מִדָּם עֲקֻבָּה‎ Hosea 6:8 of a city foot-printed (VB) with blood; defiling hands Isaiah 1:15; 59:3; Lamentations 4:14 compare Ezekiel 23:37, 45; further, of blood as oppressing one who has shed it נֶפֶשׁ בְּדַם עָשֻׁק‎ Proverbs 28:17.

m. atonement for blood-guilt is expressed by הַדָּם לָהֶם וְנִכַּמֵּר‎ Deuteronomy 21:8 (on form of verb compare Ges^{§ 55}, 9 & Di).

n. blood (-shedding) as connected with divine wrath בְּדָם עָלָיהָ חֲמָתִי וְשָׁפַכְתִּ֫י‎ Ezekiel 14:19; וְקִנְאָה חֵמָה דַּם‎ 16:38; see further מִדָּם חִצַּי אַשְׁכִּיר‎ Deuteronomy 32:42, compare Jeremiah 46:10; compare also of human vengeance by divine help הָרָשָׁע בְּדַם יִרְחַץ‎ Psalm 58:11; בְּדָם רַגְלְךָ תִּמֲחַץ‎ 68:24; note further Isaiah 49:26; Ezekiel 39:19 (in both figurative of being drunk with blood); then of simple human vengeance שְׁאוֺל בְּדָם אֶתשֵֿׂיבָתוֺ וְהוֺרַדְתָּ֫‎ 1 Kings 2:9.

o. of water turned into blood (singular) in Egypt, by divine power Exodus 4:9 (J) 7:17, 20 (JE) 7:19; 7:19; 7:21 (P) Psalm 78:44; 105:29; compare Isaiah 15:9 & Ezekiel 32:6; further, of appearance of blood in sky Joel 3:3, & of colour of moon 2:4; specifically of red colour of water כַּדָּם אֲדֻמִּים‎ 2 Kings 3:22 compare 3:23.

3 blood used with religious significance,

a. blood of passover-lamb Exodus 12:7, 13 (twice in verse) (all P) 12:22; 12:22; 12:23 (all J E); note also הַבְּרִית דַּם‎, i.e. blood by which covenant was ratified 24:8 (JE) Zechariah 9:11.

b. blood used in ritual, Leviticus 17:11 יְכַמֵּר בַּנֶּפֶשׁ הוּא הַדָּם‎ (H); compare 2 Chronicles 29:24; also Ezekiel 44:7, 15 (both "" חֵלָב‎); further Leviticus 1:5; Isaiah 1:11; Psalm 50:13; thrown on altar, verb זָרַק‎ usually with עַל‎ Exodus 24:6 (JE) 29:16, 20; Leviticus 1:5, 11; 3:2, 8, 13; 7:2, 14; 8:19, 24; 9:12, 18 (all P) 17:6 (H) Numbers 18:17 (P) Ezekiel 43:18; 2 Kings 16:13, 15 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 29:22 (3 t. in verse); compare 30:16; sprinkled, verb הִזָּה‎ Leviticus 5:9; 16:19 (both P); sprinkled toward tent of meeting (verb הִזָּה‎) Numbers 19:4 (twice in verse) (P); brought into tent of meeting Leviticus 4:5, 16; 6:23; compare 10:18 (all P); sprinkled toward the holy of holies (verb הִזָּה‎) 4:6 (twice in verse); 4:17; 16:14 (twice in verse) (all P); brought within the veil on day of atonement 16:15 (3 t. in verse) (compare 16:14) 16:27 (all P); thrown on people Exodus 24:8 (J E; זָרַק‎); sprinkled on priests (הִזָּה‎) 29:21; Leviticus 8:30 (both P); on garment (in sanctuary, הִזָּה‎) 6:20 (P); applied with finger to horns of altar Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7, 18, 25, 30, 34; 8:15; 9:9 (3 t. in verse); 16:18 (twice in verse) (all P; also Ezekiel 45:19) 43:20; applied to tip of right ear of priest Exodus 29:20; Leviticus 8:23-24, (all P; also 14:14, 25 P); poured out at base of altar (אֶלֿ שָׁפַךְ‎) Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7, 18, 25, 30, 34 (all P); compare with מָצָה‎ (Niph`al) 1:15; 5:9; with יָצַק‎ 8:15 (all P); half of blood put in basons Exodus 24:6 (JE); blood poured out on altar Deuteronomy 12:27 (twice in verse); blood of red heifer burned Numbers 19:5 (P); see further such terms as זִבְחִי דַּם‎ Exodus 23:18; 34:25 (both J E) (compare Deuteronomy 12:27; 2 Kings 16:15); הַשְּׁלָמִים דַּם‎ Leviticus 7:33 (P; compare 7:14); הַכִּמֻּרִים חַטָּאת דַּם‎ Exodus 30:10 (P) compare Ezekiel 45:19; הָאָשָׁם דַּם‎ Leviticus 14:14, 17, 25, 28; (see אָשָׁם חַטָּאת, שֶׁלֶם, זֶבַח,‎); דַּםחֲֿזִיר‎, swine's blood, as heathen offering Isaiah 66:3; compare מִדָּם נִסְכֵּיהֶם‎ Psalm 16:4 (see Che).

4 figurative of wine דַּםעֲֿנָבִים‎ Genesis 49:11 (blessing of Jacob "" יַיִן‎); compare Deuteronomy 32:14 (song) תִּשְׁתֶּהחָֿ֑מֶר עֵנָב דַּם‎. — בְּדָֽמְךָ‎ Ezekiel 19:10 probably textual error compare VB; Da prop: בְּרוּמָהּ‎ in her height.