H3068. Yhvh

יהוה‎_{c. 6823} i.e. יַהְוֶה‎

proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (1 יְהוָֺה ᵑ0‎^C518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי‎), or יֱהוִֺה‎₃₀₅ (Qr אֱלֹהִים‎), in the combinations יהוה אדני‎ & אדני יהוה‎ (see אֲדֹנֶי‎), and with preposition מֵיהוָֺה לַיהוָֺה, בַּיהוָֺה,‎ (Qr מֵאדֹנָי לַאדֹנָי, בַּאדֹנָי,‎), do not give the original form. ᵐ5‎ and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of Exodus 20:7; Leviticus 24:11 יהוה‎ was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philo^{de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529}), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם‎ and by the Samaritans שׁימא‎. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö^{§ 88}). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יְהוֺֿ יָֿהוּ,‎ of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ‎ all favour יַהְוֶךְ‎ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן‎ Psalm 74:6; תַּהֲרוּ‎ Isaiah 33:11), see Lag^{Sym i.14} Baud^{Studien i.179 ff.}; Dr^{Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.} For Jeve see Sta^{ZAW 1881, 346} De^{ib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.}

2 on literature of interpretations see Nes^Eg.67 Dr^{l.c. — Many recent scholars explain} יַהְוֶה‎ as Hiph`il of היה‎ (=היה‎) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה‎ Genesis 3:20) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, Nes^Eg.88 (but Nes^{Eg.91 inclines to Qal as} RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev} see below); or from היה‎ he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RS^{OTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245}, compare We^{Skizzen iii.175}; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, Sta^G.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה‎ (= היה‎); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876}, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ew^infr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Dr^l.c.17)). **Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by Bau^{Rel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230)}; Dl^{Pa 162 ff.} claimed Babylonian origin for יהו‎, against this Kue^{national Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.)} Jastr^{JBL xiil {1894}, 103 f.} compare Hpt^{BAS i. 170 N}; Dl^{Babel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f.} makes same claim for יהוה‎, against this see especially Hirsch^{ZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff.} Zim^{KATS. 465 ff.}; Spiegelb^{ZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff.} proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה‎; further discussions see in Kö^{EB NAMES, § 112 and n.3}. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to Schw^{ThLZ, 1905, col. 612}.

I. יהוה‎ is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exodus 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : עִמָּ֑ךְ אֶהְיֶה‎ I shall be with thee (3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה‎ I shall be the one who will be it 3:14a (i.e: with thee 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה‎ 3:14b (i.e. with thee 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה‎ He who will be it 3:15 (i.e. with thee 3:12). compare Ew^{BTh ii. 337, 338} RS^{l.c., Proph. 385 ff.} Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc Lag^{Psalt.Hieron.156}); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר‎ = כִּי‎; AE JDMich We^JD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה‎ sparingly by the side of אלהים‎ and האלהים‎ in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה‎ until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses 6:3; but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that שַׁדַּי אֵל‎ was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה‎ from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Genesis 21:83 by עולם אל‎, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Genesis 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה‎ is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים‎ and אדני‎. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים‎ and האלהים‎. Daniel uses יהוה‎ only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים‎) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI¹⁸. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Genesis 2:4b Dl^{Pa 158 ff.} Dr^{Stud. Bib. i. 7 ff}.

II. 1. יהוה‎ is used with אלהים‎ and suffixes, especially in D;

a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ‎ in the Ten Words Exodus 20:2-12 (5 t.) = Deuteronomy 5:6-16; in the law of worship of J E, Exodus 23:19; 34:24, 26; in D 234 t.; Joshua 1:9, 17; 9:9, 24 (D²); elsewhere Genesis 27:20; Exodus 15:26 (JE), Judges 6:26; Samuel & Kings 20 t.; 1 Chronicles 11:2; 22:11-12, 2 Chronicles 9:8 (twice in verse); 16:7; Isaiah 7:11; 37:4 (twice in verse); 41:13; 43:3; 51:15; 55:5; Jeremiah 40:2 + (3t.); Hosea 12:10; 13:4; 14:2; Amos 9:15; Psalm 81:11.

b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם‎ in D 46 t.; D²28t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere Exodus 23:25 (E); 8:24; 10:8, 16, 17 (JE); Judges 6:10; 1 Samuel 12:12, 14; 2 Kings 17:39; 23:21; 1 Chronicles 22:18 + (10 t. Chronicles) Psalm 76:12; Jeremiah 13:16 + (5 t.) Ezekiel 20:5, 7, 19, 20; Joel 2:13 + (6 t.) Zechariah 6:15.

c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ‎ in D 23 t.; in D²5t.; Exodus 8:6 (JE) 3:18; 5:3; 8:22; 8:23; 10:25-26, (E) Judges 11:24; 1 Samuel 7:8; 1 Kings 8:57, 59, 61, 65; 2 Kings 18:22; 19:10 = Isaiah 36:7; 37:20; 1 Chronicles 13:2 + (15 t. Chronicles) Micah 4:5; 7:17; Isaiah 26:13; Jeremiah 3:22 + (17 t.) Psalm 20:8; 90:17 (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי‎); 94:23; 99:5; 99:8; 99:9 (twice in verse); 105:7; 106:47; 113:5; 122:9; 123:2; Daniel 9:10, 13, 14.

d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם‎ Exodus 10:7 (J) 29:46 (twice in verse); Leviticus 26:44 (P) Judges 3:7; 8:34; 1 Samuel 12:9; 1 Kings 9:9; 2 Kings 17:7, 9, 14, 16, 19; 18:12; 2 Chronicles 31:6; 33:17; 34:33; Nehemiah 9:3 (twice in verse); 9:4; Jeremiah 3:21; 22:9; 30:9; 43:1 (twice in verse); 50:4; Ezekiel 28:26; 34:30; 39:22, 28; Hosea 1:7; 3:5; 7:10; Zephaniah 2:7; Haggai 1:12 (twice in verse); Zechariah 9:16; 10:6.

e. with אֱלֹהָיו‎ Numbers 23:21 (E) Exodus 32:11 (J) Leviticus 4:22 (P) Deuteronomy 17:19; 18:7; 1 Samuel 30:6; 1 Kings 5:17; 11:4; 15:3-4, 2 Kings 5:11; 16:2; 2 Chronicles 1:1 13t. Chronicles; Micah 5:3; Jeremiah 7:28; Psalm 33:12; 144:15; 146:5; Jonah 2:2.

f. with אֱלֹהַי‎ Numbers 22:18 (JE) Deuteronomy 4:5; 18:16; 26:14; Joshua 14:8-9, 2 Samuel 24:24; 1 Kings 3:7; 5:18; 1 Kings 5:19; 8:28; 17:20-21, 1 Chronicles 21:17; 22:7; 2 Chronicles 2:3; 6:19; Ezra 7:28; 9:5; Psalm 7:2; 7:4; 13:4; 18:29; 30:3; Psalm 30:13; 35:24; 40:6; 104:1; 109:26; Isaiah 25:1; Jeremiah 31:18; Daniel 9:4, 20; Jonah 2:7; Habakkuk 1:12; Zechariah 11:4; 13:9; 14:5.

g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ‎ Isaiah 60:9; Jeremiah 2:17, 19; 3:13; Micah 7:10; Zephaniah 3:17.

h. with אלהים‎, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text Genesis 2:4b — 3:23 (J, 20 t. either אלהים‎ inserted by R^P as Di De; or יהוה‎ inserted by J in an older source); Exodus 9:30 (J, but not in ⅏ ᵐ5‎; Samaritan יהוה אדני‎; possibly ᵑ0‎ from earlier Qr, & ⅏‎ from later Qr); 2 Samuel 7:22, 25 (יהוה אדני ᵐ5‎ and 1 Chronicles 17:20-23 only יהוה‎); 17:16-17, (but 2 Samuel 7:18-19, יהוה אדני‎) 1 Chronicles 28:20; 29:1; 2 Chronicles 1:9; 6:41 (twice in verse); 6:42; 26:18 (but in the original Psalm 132:8 stood יהוה‎ (so ℌ‎), or else no divine name); 72:18 (the late doxology) 84:12 (but it makes the line too long); Jonah 4:6. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.

2 the phrase יהוה אֲנִי‎ is noteworthy: —

a. after אמר‎ either alone Exodus 6:2, 29 (P) or before relative and other clauses: Genesis 28:13 (J) 15:7 (R) Exodus 6:6 (P) with אלהיכם‎ Judges 6:10; Ezekiel 20:5.

b. after כי ידע‎ (α) Exodus 7:17; 8:18; 10:2 (J); 7:5; 14:4, 18 (P); 1 Kings 20:13, 28; Jeremiah 24:7; Ezekiel 6:7 48t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם‎ Exodus 6:7; 16:12; Deuteronomy 29:5 (P) Exodus 20:20; Joel 4:17; (γ) with אלהיהם‎ 29:46 (P) Ezekiel 28:26; 34:30; 39:22, 28; (δ) before relative and other clauses Isaiah 45:3; 49:23, 26; 60:16; Ezekiel 7:9; 17:24; 21:10; 22:22; 35:12; 36:36; (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ‎ Exodus 31:13 (P) Ezekiel 20:12; 37:28; 39:7; (ζ) with דברתי‎ 5:13; 17:21, compare י אני אשׁר ׳יֵדְעוּ‎ 20:26.

c. after כִּי‎ in various combinations Leviticus 11:44-45, Numbers 35:34 (P), Leviticus 20:7, 26; 21:8, 15, 23; 22:16; 24:22; 25:17; 26:1, 44 (all H); Exodus 15:26 (R) Isaiah 41:13; 43:3; 61:8; Jeremiah 9:23; Ezekiel 12:25; 21:4; Zechariah 10:6; Malachi 3:6.

d. emphatic Exodus 6:8; 12:12; Leviticus 26:2, 45; Numbers 3:13, 41, 45 (all P); Leviticus 18:5-6, 21; 19:12, 14, 16, 18, 28, 30, 32, 37; 21:12; 22:2-3, 8, 30, 31, 33 (all H) Isaiah 43:15; with אלהיהם‎ Exodus 29:46; with אלהיךָ‎ Isaiah 48:17; with אלהיכם‎ Leviticus 23:43; 25:38, 55; Numbers 10:10; 15:41 (twice in verse) (P) Leviticus 18:2, 4, 30; 19:2-3, 4, 10, 25, 31, 34, 36; 20:24; 23:22; 26:13 (all H) Ezekiel 20:7, 19; Joel 2:27; with מְקַדֵּשׁ‎ Leviticus 20:8; 22:9, 32 (H), with דברתי‎ Numbers 14:35 (P) Ezekiel 5:15 + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses Isaiah 27:3; 41:4, 17; 42:6, 8; 45:5-6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 21; 60:22; Jeremiah 17:10; 32:27; Ezekiel 14:4, 7, 9; 34:24; יהוה אָנֹכִי‎ is used in the Ten Words Exodus 20:2, 5 = Deuteronomy 5:6, 9 cited Psalm 81:11; Hosea 12:10; 13:4; elsewhere only Exodus 4:11 (J) Isaiah 43:11; 44:24; 51:15.

3 יהוה‎ is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יראה יהוה‎ Genesis 22:14 (J); נסי יהוה‎ Exodus 17:15 (E) שׁלים יהוה‎ Judges 6:24 צדקנו יהוה‎ Jeremiah 33:16 (compare 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah); שָׁ֑מָּה יהוה‎ Ezekiel 48:35. — On combinations such as ׳י צְבָאוֺת י, ׳הַר‎ etc., see צָבָא הַר,‎, etc.

Note. — Bonk^{ZAW 1891, 126 ff.} seems to shew that as prefix, in compare proper name, יְהוֺ‎ is the oldest and the latest form and that יוֺ‎ is intermediate, belonging to the earlier post-exilic period until the time of Chronicles; occasional copyists' mistakes being taken into the account.

׳יְהוֺ‎ proper name compounded with, see below יהוה‎ above.

יהוה‎ proper name, of deity, see below הוה‎.

׳יו‎ = ׳יְהוֺ‎

proper name compounded with, see below יהוה‎ above: — namely יוֺתָם יוֺרָם, יוֺקִים, יוֺעָשׁ, יוֺעֵד, יוֺיָרִיב, יוֺיָקִים, יוֺיָכִין, יוֺאָשׁ, יוֺאֵל, יוֺאָחָז, יוֺאָח, יוֺאָב,‎, etc.