H6440. panim

or paneh [מָּנֶה‎], plural מָּנִים‎₂₁₂₃

noun masculine^{Proverbs 25:23} and (Ezekiel = 21:21 = edge; on 2 Samuel 10:9 see below) feminine face, also faces (as turned toward one); — plural absolute מָּנִים‎ Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי‎ 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי‎ Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו‎ 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ‎ Psalm 11:7 (Kö^ll.1.446); 2 masculine pluralמְּנֵיכֶם‎ Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, 4:5-6, Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening ׳י‎, Ges^{§ 146a}), Proverbs 15:14 (but read מִּי‎, as Qr, see מֶּה‎); —

I. 1. face, faces (Jeremiah 30:6; Ezekiel 27:35 +, compare 1:6; 10:14, 21 etc.):

a. literally, of man Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; 10:9, 15 +; פ ׳עוֺר‎ Exodus 35:29-30, 35; pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; Jeremiah 30:6, flushed Isaiah 13:8; Ezekiel 21:3, compare Nahum 2:11; Joel 2:6; tearful Isaiah 25:8; Job 16:16; sad, ׳פ רעים‎ Genesis 40:7, compare Nehemiah 2:2-3, also פ ׳רֹעַ‎ Ecclesiastes 7:8 i.e. sadness; פ ׳יֵּיטִב‎ Proverbs 15:13 maketh glad the face; פָנֶיךָ נָָֽפְלוּ‎, Genesis 4:5-6, why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1 Samuel 1:18 (reading לוּ נָָֽפְ נָָֽפְלָה,‎, or הִמִּילָה‎); covered with shame Ezekiel 7:18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jeremiah 51:51; Psalm 69:8; 83:17, etc.

b. of ׳י‎ Exodus 33:20, compare 33:23.

c. אֶלמָּֿנִים מָּנִים‎ face to face, of seeing (God) Genesis 32:31, compare Judges 6:22, knowing Deuteronomy 34:10, judging Ezekiel 20:35, speaking Exodus 33:11, and so ׳פ ׳בְּפ‎ Deuteronomy 5:4; פָנִים נִתְרֶאֶה‎ 2 Kings 14:8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare 14:11 2 Chronicles 25:17, 21.

d. of relations with פ ׳הֵרִים ׳׃י‎ Ezra 9:6, in worship (see also נשׂא‎); in spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; 32:33 (פָנִים וְלֹא עֹרֶף אֵלַי מָּנָה‎); פ ׳נָתַן י ׳לִדְרוֺשׁ‎2 Chronicles 20:3; אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי אֶתפֿ ׳נָתַן‎ Daniel 9:3; פָנִים קְשֵׁי הַבָּנִים‎ Ezekiel 2:4.

e. of ׳י‎ himself, מִכֶּם מָּנִיםִ יָסִיר לֹא‎2 Chronicles 30:9; רָ֑ע י ׳מְּנֵי בְּעֹשֵׂי‎ Psalm 34:17; מָּנֶיךָ גַּעֲרַת‎ 80:17. — See further below

7. 2. a. = presence, person, of ׳י‎ Exodus 33:14-15, בְּפָנָיו‎ Deuteronomy 4:37, מָּנָיו מַלְאַךְ‎ Isaiah 63:9; הַמָּנִים לֶחֶם‎, see לֶחֶם‎; of ׳י‎s angry presence Lamentations 4:16; Psalm 21:10; of Absalom 2 Samuel 17:11; in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ‎ 4a), Proverbs 7:15.

b. with ראה‎ technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man Genesis 32:21 (+ 3 other uses of ׳פ‎), (God, with יראה‎ pointed as

Niph`al, see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank Genesis 43:3, 5; 44:23, 26, king Exodus 10:28 (twice in verse) compare 10:29 (all J), 2 Samuel 14:24 (twice in verse); 14:28, 32; compare 3:13 (twice in verse); הַמֶּלֶךְ פְנֵי רֹאֵי‎ 2 Kings 25:19 = Jeremiah 52:25; Esther 1:14; implying favour of person seen, man Genesis 33:10 (J), God 33:10, compare Job 33:26 (Hiph`il), and, with חזה‎, Psalm 11:7; 17:15.

3 face of seraphim Isaiah 6:2, cherubim Exodus 25:20 (twice in verse) = 37:9 (twice in verse), Ezekiel 1:8, 11; 2 Chronicles 3:13 +.

4 face of animals, הַצּאֹן מְּנֵי‎ Genesis 30:40; ופ ׳שׁוֺר נֶשֶׁר ׳פ וּפ ׳אַרְיֵה‎ Ezekiel 1:10 (in descr. of cherubim), compare 10:14; ׳פ אַרְיֵה‎ also 1 Chronicles 12:8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר׳פ‎ Ezekiel 41:19; פ ׳מִּתְחֵי‎ Job 41:6 of crocodile.

5 face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה‎) Genesis 2:6; 4:14; 7:4; Psalm 104:30 +, so ׳פ הָאָרֶץ‎ Genesis 1:29; 7:3; 8:9; 11:4, 8, 9; 19:28; Isaiah 24:1, ׳פ תֵבֵל‎ 14:21; 27:6; of a field Proverbs 24:31; ׳פ תְהוֺם‎ Genesis 1:2 (twice in verse); Job 38:30, ׳פ הַמַּיִם‎ Genesis 7:18; הַשָּׁמַיִם׳פ רְקִיעַ‎ 1:20; כִֿסֵּה׳פ‎ Job 26:9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶה‎ fullmoon); ׳פ הַלּוֺט‎ Job 25:7 see [ לוּט‎; ׳פ לְבוּשׁוֺ‎ 41:5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezekiel 41:14; 47:1, ׳פ הַקֹּדֶשׁ‎ 41:21; of gate 40:6, 20, 22; 42:15; 43:4; of chamber 40:44 (twice in verse); 40:45-46, of pot (סִיר‎) Jeremiah 1:13; ׳פ הַמִּלְחָמָה‎ 2 Samuel 10:9 battle-front = 1 Chronicles 19:10 (verb agrees with ׳הַמּ‎ in Gender, Ges^{§ 146a}); = van of locust-army Joel 2:20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ‎); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezekiel 21:21, of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10; = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Proverbs 27:23; ׳פ הַדָּבָר‎ 2 Samuel 14:20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.

6 as

adverb of location וּמֵאָחוֺר מִמָּנִים‎ 2 Samuel 10:9 before and behind = ׳פ ׳וְֿ‎ 1 Chronicles 19:10, also Ezekiel 2:10; 2 Chronicles 13:14; מְּנֵי‎ toward Cant 7:5, also in front (to the East?) of20:16 (see לִפְנֵי‎

d below); לְפָנִים‎ forward Jeremiah 7:24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר‎); מִלִּפְנִים‎ 1 Kings 6:29 see מְּנִימָה‎;

adverb temporal לְפָנִים‎ formerly Deuteronomy 2:12, 20; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10-11, 13 12t.; מִלְּפָנִים‎ Isaiah 41:26 from beforetime ("" מֵראֹשׁ‎).

7 for other phrases see: אוֺר‎

verb Hiph`il 5; אוֺר‎ n. 10; בּוֺשׁ‎

Hiph`il; בקשׁ‎ Pi`el 3; בּשֶׁת‎

1; [הַכָּרָה‎]; הָדַר‎

2; זָעַם‎

Niph`al; זָעַף‎

1; הָבַשׁ‎ 1a; I. חָרָה‎ I חָוַר‎; חָזַק‎ Pi`el 5; II. חלה‎; IV. חמר‎; חָפָה‎; טָחַן‎; יָעַד‎

Hoph`al; יְשׁוּעָה‎

3; כּוּן‎ Hiph`il 3; כִּמֶּר‎

1; כָּסָה‎ Pi`el 1, 2; מָאוֺר‎; מְגַמָּה‎ p. 169; I. מוּל‎; מַשּׂא‎; [נָבַט‎] Hiph`il 3; נֶגֶד‎ 1, 2 c; נֹכַח‎; נָכַר‎

Hiph`il; נָפַל‎ 3b, and Hiph`il 5; נָשָׂא‎ 1b (3); נָתַן‎ 2b; סָבַב‎ Hiph`il 1 a; סָתַר‎ Hiph`il 2; I. עֵבֶר‎

2; עָזַז עַז,‎

Hiph`il; עָמַד‎ Hiph`il 6 a; II. עֻמָּה‎; [צָרַב‎]; [קָדַם‎]

Pi`el; שִׂים‎; שׁוּב‎

Hiph`il; שִׁית‎; II.שָׁנָה‎

Pi`el; תֹּפֶת‎.

II. מְּנֵי‎ with prepositions: —

1 אֶלמְּֿנֵי‎:

a. to the presence of, Exodus 23:17 pregnantly הָאָדוֺן אֶלמְּֿנֵי ֗֗֗ יֵרָאֶה‎ shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) ׳י‎ ("" 34:23 הָא ׳אֶתמְּֿנֵי‎); with יָצָא‎ = to confront2 Chronicles 19:2.

b. to the front of, after a verb of motion, Leviticus 6:7 אֶלמְּֿנֵ ֗֗֗ אֹתָהּ ׳הַקְרֵב הַמִּזְבֵּחַ‎, 9:5; 16:2; Numbers 17:8; 20:10.

c. towards or on the front of (אֶל‎ = עַל‎), Ezekiel 41:4, 12, 15, 25; 42:2-3, 7, 10, 13; 45:7; 48:21.

d. on to the surface of, Leviticus 14:53 הַשָּׂדֶה אֶלמְּֿנֵי ֗֗֗ וְשִׁלַּח‎, Ezekiel 16:5.

2 אֶתמְּֿנֵי‎ close by (II. אֵת‎) the face or front of: hence

a. the presence of, 1 Samuel 2:11 ׳אֶתפֿ עֵלִי‎ 1 Kings 12:6 who stood ׳אֶתפֿ שְׁלֹמֹה‎ (compare לִפְנֵי‎ 10:8), Esther 1:10; Proverbs 17:24; pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם‎ leg., ᵑ7 ᵑ6‎ We Dr and others) 1 Samuel 22:4. Specifically י ׳אֶתמְּֿנֵי‎ Genesis 19:13 (1 Samuel 2:17), 2:27; 2:18; and with נִרְאָה‎ of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים‎, Exodus 34:23 אֶתפֿ כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ ׳יֵרָאֶה הָאָדֹן‎, 34:24; Deuteronomy 16:16 (compare Dr), 31:11; 1 Samuel 1:22 ("" ׳אלפֿ ׳י‎ Exodus 23:17); so מָּנַי‎ alone 23:15 = 34:20 (רֵיקָם פָנַי יֵרָאוּ לֹא‎), Isaiah 1:22, פָנֶיךָ‎ Psalm 42:3 (according to many, Ges^Thes Di^{Exodus 23:15} Che^{Isaiah 1:12, critical note}, the verb in all these passages was originally

Qal, afterwards pointed as

Niph`al to avoid the expression see the face of ׳י‎); אֶתמָּֿנֶיךָ‎ in thy presence Psalm 16:10; 21:7; Psalm 140:14.

b. in front of, Genesis 33:18. אֶתפֿ ׳וַיִּחַן הָעִיר‎, Leviticus 4:6 י ׳לִפְנֵי ׳אֶתפֿ הַקֹּדֶשׁ פָרֹכֶת‎ 4:17. — מְּנֵי מֵאֵת‎ from before, see II. אֵת‎ 4a. 3. בִּפְנֵי‎: (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַק‎ to spit Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 25:9; התיצב‎ to make a stand 7:24; 11:25, and עמד‎ Joshua 10:8, בְּפָנֶיךָ אִישׁ יַעֲמֹד לֹא‎ 21:42; 23:9; עָנָה‎ to answer (give evidence) against, Hosea 5:5 בפניו ישׂראל גאון וענה‎, 7:10; Job 16:8; בִּפְנֵיהֶם וְנָקֹטוּ‎ = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezekiel 6:9, so 20:43; 36:31. (b) in front of, 42:12.

4 לִפְנֵי‎, properly at the face or front of, the most General word for in the presence of, before: as Genesis 18:22 אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי עֹמֵד‎, Exodus 4:21; 11:10; 2 Samuel 2:14; Proverbs 17:18 + often; after a verb of motion, Genesis 47:2 פ ׳לפני וַיַּצִּיגֵם‎ and set them before Pharaoh, 27:20 לפני י הִקְרָה ׳כִּי‎ literally made (it) to meet before me (compare 24:12), Exodus 29:10; Proverbs 18:16 etc. In particular,

a. With the implication of (a) under the eye or oversight of, Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1. (b) under the eye and regard of, Genesis 17:18 לְפָנֶיךָ יִחְיֶה יִשְׁמָעֵאל לוּ‎, Hosea 6:2; Isaiah 53:2; Psalm 61:8; compare Jeremiah 30:20; 31:36; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:29: also 1 Samuel 2:28; 2 Samuel 19:14. (c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, Genesis 6:13 לְפָנַי בָּא כָּלבָּֿשָׂר קֵץ‎ is come in before me, Lamentations 1:22 לְפָנֶיךָ כָלרָֿעָתָם תָּבאֹ‎, Jonah 1:2 לְפָנַי עָֽלְתָה‎ (compare אֶל‎ Genesis 18:21; Exodus 2:23), Isaiah 65:6 לְפָנָ֑י כְּתוּבָה‎, Jeremiah 2:22 לְפָנָי נִכְתָּךְ‎ (compare נֶגְדִּי‎ Isaiah 47:12). (d) openly before, 1 Samuel 12:2 לִפְנֵי הִתְהַלֵךְ‎, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 2:35, especially י ׳לפני‎ Genesis 17:1 and elsewhere. (e) in presence of the moon or sun, Psalm 72:5; 72:17, i.e. as long as they endure. (f) free before, at the disposal of,Genesis 13:9 לְפָנֶיךָ כָלהָֿאָרֶץ הֲלֹא‎ (compare 20:15; 34:10; 47:6; Jeremiah 40:4; 2 Chronicles 14:6), 2 Chron 24:51; Song of Solomon 8:12. (g) in the sight (estimation) of, Genesis 7:1 thee have I seen to be just before me, 10:9 a mighty hunter before ׳י‎, Deuteronomy 24:4 ל ׳תּוֺעֵבָה ׳י‎, 24:13 ל ׳צְדָקָה ׳י‎, 1 Samuel 20:1 b, ׳ל ׳י אָרוּר‎ Joshua 6:26; 1 Samuel 26:19, ל ׳לְרָצוֺן ׳י‎ acceptable before ׳י‎, Leviticus 1:3 +, Psalm 19:15; 2 Kings 5:1 a great man אֲדֹנָיו לִפְנֵי‎, Proverbs 14:12; Psalm 143:2; ל ׳וַיִּיטַב‎ (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי‎) Nehemiah 2:5-6, Esther 5:14; ל ׳טוֺב‎ Ecclesiastes 2:26; 7:26; compare also לִפְנֵי לְרַחֲמִים נָתַן‎, see רַחֲמִים‎. (h) י ׳לִפְנֵי‎, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of ׳י‎'s presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: Genesis 27:7 that I may eat and bless thee before ׳י‎, before I die, Exodus 18:12 to eat bread before God, Deuteronomy 1:45 ye wept before ׳י‎, 6:25; 12:7 (to eat, so 12:18; 14:23, 26; 15:20), 15:12 (rejoice, so 15:18; 27:7; Isaiah 9:2), Joshua 18:6; 24:1; Judges 11:11; 20:23, 26; 21:2; 1 Samuel 7:6; 10:19; 11:15; 12:7; 15:33; 23:18; 2 Samuel 5:3; 7:18; 21:9; and constantly in P, as Exodus 16:9, 33, 34; Leviticus 1:5, 11; 3:1, 7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Isaiah 23:18. So in ל ׳הָלַךְ ׳י‎ 1 Kings 2:4 and elsewhere.

b. In other phrases: — (a) לִפְנֵי עָמַד‎ to stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, Deuteronomy 1:38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד‎

1e). Simil. לִפְנֵי הָיָה‎ 1 Samuel 19:7 (compare 29:8), 2 Kings 5:2; ל ׳עָבַד‎ 2 Samuel 16:19. (b) לִפְנֵי הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה‎ to bow down before Genesis 23:12; Deuteronomy 26:10; 2 Kings 18:22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה‎; also נָפַל‎ 3b): so with הִתְמַּלֵּל‎ to pray 1 Samuel 1:12 +; compare פָני הלך‎ 1 Kings 12:30; 1 Chronicles 21:30. (c) to be smitten (נִגַּף‎) before a foe; see נָגַף‎ Niph`al [contrast מִמְּנֵי נוּס‎: below 6a]. So with נָפַל‎ 1 Samuel 14:13; נָתַן‎ (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as Deuteronomy 1:8, 21; 7:2 (twice in verse); 7:23; Joshua 10:12; 11:6 + (Dr^{DT lxxxii}): compare Judges 4:15; 2 Samuel 5:20; Isaiah 45:1; Jeremiah 1:17. (d) לִפְנֵי עָמַד‎ to stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as ׳ע בִּפְנֵי‎, above

3), Exodus 9:11; Judges 2:14; 2 Kings 10:4; Jeremiah 49:19; Psalm 76:8; 147:17; Nahum 1:6; so with הִתְיַצֵּב‎ Deuteronomy 9:2; Joshua 1:5; Job 41:2, קוּם‎ Joshua 7:12-13,. (e) in hostile sense (rare), לִפְנֵי יָצָא‎ go forth to face 1 Chronicles 14:8; 2 Chronicles 14:9. (f) לִפְנֵי‎ (נָתַן‎) שִׂים‎, of food, to set or place before, Genesis 18:8; 24:33 +. (g) לִפְנֵי נָתַן‎ to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), Deuteronomy 4:8; 11:26, 32; 30:1, 15, 19; 1 Kings 9:6 (D²), Jeremiah 9:12; 21:8; 26:4; 44:10; Daniel 9:10, compare Ezekiel 23:24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂים‎ Exodus 19:7; 21:1.

c. With reference to position: (a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד‎ is hardly used), Genesis 32:21 לְפָנָ֔י הַהֹלֶכֶת בַּמִּנְחָה‎ that goeth before me, 33:14 the cattle לְפָנַי אֲשֶׁר‎, Exodus 17:5; 23:20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, 13:21-22, Numbers 10:33; Isaiah 52:12; 58:8 +; 2 Samuel 3:31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd Genesis 32:18; of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1 Samuel 30:20 (read לְפָנָיו וַיִּנְהֲגוּ‎ We Dr), Isaiah 8:4; 40:10 = 62:11 לְפָנָיו וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ‎ his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9:4; Lamentations 1:5-6, (b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, Deuteronomy 10:11; Judges 9:39; 1 Samuel 8:20; Micah 1:13 and elsewhere; compare לפני ויצא בא‎ (העם‎) Numbers 27:17; 1 Samuel 18:13, 16; 2 Chronicles 1:10; Ecclesiastes 4:16 before whom (at whose head) he was. (c) denoting superiority, before, above, Genesis 48:20 מנשׁה לפני אתאֿפרים וַיָּשֶׂם‎, Job 34:19.

d. Of places (not very common): Exodus 14:2 before Pi-hahiroth . . ., before Baal-zephon, Numbers 33:7b, Genesis 23:17 ל ׳אשׁר מַמְרֵא‎ (usually מ פני ׳על‎: see

7a d), 1 Chronicles 19:7; Nehemiah 8:1, 3; before the temple, veil, altar, etc., Exodus 16:34 + ׳ל הָעֵדֻת‎, 30:6 + ׳ל הַמָּרֹכֶת‎, 40:5-6, Numbers 3:38; 7:10 and elsewhere (all P), 1 Kings 6:21; 7:49 +.

e. Of time, before: Amos 1:1: רעַשׁ הָָֽ לפני‎ before the earthquake, Genesis 29:26; 30:30 לְפָנַי‎ before me (i.e. before I came to thee), Exodus 10:14 כן היה לא לפניו‎ before it there was not the like, Numbers 13:22; 1 Kings 16:25, 30 לְפָנָיו אֲשֶׁר מִכֹּל‎, Isaiah 43:10; 48:7; Proverbs 8:25; Job 15:7 etc. Sq. infinitive, Genesis 13:10 י שַׁחֵת ׳לִפְנֵי‎ before ׳י‎s destroying, etc., 27:7 מוֺתִי לִפְנֵי‎, 36:31; 1 Samuel 9:15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, מִזֶּה לִפְנֵי‎ before this Nehemiah 13:4.

f. In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1 Samuel 1:16 בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל לִפְנֵי אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ אַלתִּֿתֵּן‎ like a worthless woman, Job 3:24 like my food, 4:19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).

5 מִלִּפְנֵי‎₇₃ from before: —

a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִמְּנֵי‎; see

6): (a) Genesis 41:46 פ מִלִּפְנֵי יוסף ׳ויצא‎ from before Pharaoh, 47:10; 2 Kings 5:27; 6:32 +; ׳מל ׳י‎ Genesis 4:6 Cain went forth from before ׳י‎, Jonah 1:3, 10; specifically of the sanctuary, Leviticus 9:24 י מלפני אשׁ ׳ותצא‎ (so 10:2), קֶצֶף‎ Numbers 17:11 (compare 2 Chronicles 19:2), with לָקַח‎ etc. Leviticus 16:12; Numbers 17:24; Numbers 20:9, 1 Samuel 21:7 the shew-bread that was removed from before ׳י‎; from before a place 1 Kings 8:54; Ezra 10:6; 2 Chronicles 1:13, (b) of taking, etc., from before a person, Genesis 23:4 to bury my dead from before me, 23:8; Exodus 36:3; Deuteronomy 17:18 הכהנים מל הזאת התורה מִשְׁנֵה לו ׳וכתב‎ from (the copy) before the priests, 28:31 מלפניך גָּזוּכ‎. (c) with בקשׁ‎ Esther 4:8 [compare מִןקֳדָם‎ Daniel 2:18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Esther 1:19 [compare Daniel 2:15], Ecclesiastes 10:5; 1 Chronicles 29:12 מלפניך והכבוד הָעשֶׁר‎ (compare Acts 3:19); Psalm 17:2 מלפניך‎. משׁפטי יֵצֵא‎. (d) of cutting off, etc., from before ׳י‎ (compare לִפְנֵי‎

a b, c), Leviticus 22:3; 1 Kings 8:25 מִלְּפָנִי אִישׁ, לְךָ לֹאיִֿכָּרֵת‎ Jeremiah 31:36; 33:18; Isaiah 48:19: Psalm 51:13 מִלְּפָנְיךָ אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי‎ (compare 8a); Jeremiah 16:17 מִלְּפָנַי נִסְתְּרוּ לֹא‎, 18:23; Nehemiah 3:37. (e) of expelling from before an invader, Exodus 23:28; Deuteronomy 9:4; 11:23; 31:3 + (but much less common than מִמְּנֵי‎).

b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ‎ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִמְּנֵי‎: with verbs of fearing, 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14; 8:12-13, 1 Chronicles 16:30 מִלְּפָנָיו חִילִי‎ ["" Psalm 96:9 מפניו‎], 114:7 (twice in verse); Esther 7:6; 2 Chronicles 32:7 ( + מפני‎); failing, etc., Isaiah 57:16; Psalm 97:5; being humbled, 1 Kings 21:29 ( + מפני‎), 2 Chronicles 32:12, 23; 34:27 ["" 2 Kings 22:19 מפני‎], 2Ki 36:12; crying for help 1 Samuel 8:18 [compare מפני‎ Exodus 3:7], singing 1 Chronicles 16:33 ["" Psalm 96:13 לפני‎], fleeing 1 Chronicles 19:18 ["" 2 Samuel 10:18 מִמְּנֵי‎].

c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵי‎ Ecclesiastes 1:10. — With the later usages of ׳מל‎, compare קֳדָם מִן‎ in Biblical Aramaic and ᵑ7‎ (Dr Sm^{lxx-lxxi, lxxiii}); see also Kö^{ii. 320.}

6 מִמְּנֵי‎ from the face or presence of, from before, Exodus 14:19 מִמְּנֵיהֶם הענן עמוד וַיִּסַּע‎ removecl from before them, Isaiah 30:11; Hosea 11:2; so

a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן‎

2d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 21:11; 23:26; Jeremiah 35:11 (twice in verse); 37:11; 41:9; 50:16]) after verbs of hiding Genesis 3:8; 4:14; Isaiah 2:10 (compare 2:19; 2:21); and especially of escaping, Judges 9:21 (Thes 'bene ᵑ9‎ ob metum A.'), 1 Samuel 18:11; 19:10; 23:26, or fleeing, Exodus 4:3; 14:25; 1 Samuel 17:24 + often (see בָּרַךְ‎ and נוּס‎), and expelling, destroying, etc. Exodus 23:30 מִמָּנֶיךָ אֲגָָֽרְשֶׁנּוּ‎ I will expel them from before thee, 34:11, 24 מִמָּנֶיךָ גּוֺיִם אוֺרִישׁ‎ (see הוֺרִישׁ‎), Leviticus 18:24; Deuteronomy 8:20; Amos 2:9; Psalm 89:24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Isaiah 63:12 מִמְּנֵיהֶם מַיִס בּוֺקֵעַ‎, Joshua 2:10; 4:23). Pregn. Isaiah 17:9 ישׂר בני מפני עזבו אשׁר ֗֗֗ ׳כַּעֲזוּבַת‎ which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.

b. implying causation more distinctly. Psalm 9:4 מפניך יאבדו‎ perish from before thee or at the presence, Deuteronomy 7:20: very often with verbs of fearing, as קוץ פחד, ערץ, ירא, חיל, יגר, גור,‎ Exodus 9:30; Numbers 22:3 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 1:17; Jeremiah 5:22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן‎ alone is preferred; but see Deuteronomy 5:5; 9:19); of being alarmed or dismayed Genesis 45:3; Joshua 2:9; Jeremiah 1:17; Job 23:15, etc.; of humbling oneself Exodus 10:3; Judges 11:33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as מִמָּנָיו הַס‎ be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Zephaniah 1:7; Habakkuk 2:20; Judges 5:5 the mountains flowed י ׳מפני‎ at the presence of ׳י‎, Isaiah 63:19; Jeremiah 4:26; Nahum 1:5; Psalm 68:3 as wax melteth אשׁ מפני‎; Deuteronomy 20:19; Isaiah 19:1; 26:17 מפניך היינו כן‎ so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך‎, — implying that their state was due to ׳י‎); מפני קום‎ to rise up at the presence of Genesis 31:35; Leviticus 19:32. (N.B. In

a, b, frequently rendered before in AV RV, and so confused with לפני‎; but the מִן‎ retains always its full force in the Hebrew)

c. of the cause, whether nearer or more remote: (a) Genesis 6:13 מִמְּנֵיהֶם חָמָס הָאָרֶץ מָֽלְאָה‎ because of them (i.e. occasioned by them), 27:4 I loathe my life because of the daughters of Heth, 36:7 the land could not support them because of their cattle, 41:31; 47:13; Exodus 3:7 their cry by reason of their taskmasters, 8:20 הֶעָרֹב מִמְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ תִּשָּׁחֵת‎, 9:11; Joshua 2:11; 23:3; Judges 2:18; 6:6; 1 Kings 5:17; 8:11 + often; Isaiah 10:27 (RVm), Jeremiah 15:17; Psalm 38:4; 38:6, etc.; Jeremiah 4:4 + מַעַלְלֵיכֶם רֹעַ מִמְּנֵי‎ by reason of the evil of your doings, 7:12; 9:6; 13:17; 14:16; 23:9 + often (b) stating the reason for which a thing is not done (Latin prae,), 1 Kings 8:11; Job 37:19. (c) with אֲשֶׁר‎ as a

conjunction, twice, because that, Exodus 19:18; Jeremiah 44:23. — Numbers 33:8 see הַחִירֹת מִּי‎.

7 עַלמְּֿנֵי‎ (compare Phoenician מְּנֵ עלת מְּנֵ, עַל‎, Lzb³⁵²) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —

a. From the sense of face or front: (a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני‎): Psalm 18:43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני‎ 35:5; 83:14 +), Genesis 32:22 the present passed on עלפֿניו‎ in front of him, Exodus 33:19 עלפֿניך כלטֿוּבי אעביר‎,2 Samuel 15:18, 23 (read עלפֿניו‎: see Dr), Job 4:15; = in the sight of, Leviticus 10:3 אֶכָּבֵד העם כל ועלפֿני‎, Jeremiah 6:7 וּמַכָּה חֳלִי תָּמִיד עַלמָּֿנַי‎, 13:26 (compare Nahum 3:5), Psalm 9:20 עלפֿניך גוים יִשָּֽׁפְטוּ‎ before thee: defiantly, Job 1:11 יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ פניך עלֿ אםלֿא‎ will renounce thee to thy face, 6:28 אֲכַוֵּב אם ועלפֿניכם‎, 21:31; to die in the presence of any one ( = in his lifetime) Genesis 11:28; Numbers 3:4. (b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, Deuteronomy 21:16, and perhaps(Ew^{§ 217} l) Exodus 20:3 (Deuteronomy 5:7) עלפֿני אחרים אלהים לך יהיה לא‎ (Thes and others as c). (c) in addition to, Job 16:14 יִפְרְצֵנִי מֶּרֶץעַלמְּֿנֵיפֶֿרֶץ‎. (d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFM^{Ju., p. 351}) = east of, 1 Kings 6:3 the porch in front of, etc., 6:3; 7:6; 8:8; 2 Chronicles 3:17; Ezekiel 42:8; Genesis 16:12 ישׁכן כלאֿחיו עלפֿני‎ (compare 25:18 b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; ׳עַלפֿ מַמְרֵא‎ 23:19 (50:13), Exodus 16:14; often in ֗֗֗ עלפֿני אשׁר‎ Genesis 25:9 (49:30), מצרים‎ 49:18 a (Joshua 13:3; 1 Samuel 15:7), Numbers 21:11; 33:7 a, ירחו‎ Deuteronomy 32:49 (34:1), Joshua 13:3, 25; 15:8 (18:16), 17:7; 18:14; 19:11; Judges 16:3; 1 Samuel 24:3 (probably), 26:1, 3; 2 Samuel 2:24; 1 Kings 11:7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2 Kings 23:13; Zechariah 14:4), Zech 17:3; Zech 17:5. — Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly השׁמים רקיע עלפֿני‎ in front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth. (ε) with verbs implying direction, over towardas, 18:16 סדם עלפֿני וישׁקף‎, 19:28; Numbers 21:20 (23:28) הישׁימן עלפֿני נשׁקפה‎ overlooking; to sprinkle against the front of Leviticus 16:14; in a hostile sense (rare), Nahum 2:2 עַלמָּֿנַיִךְ מֵפִיץ עָלָה‎, Psalm 21:13; Ezekiel 32:10.

b. From the sense of surface, Genesis 1:2 תהום עלפֿני‎ upon the face of the deep, Exodus 16:14 עלפֿ ׳המדבר‎: often in the phrases הארץ (כל) עלפֿני‎ Genesis 1:29; 7:3 +, and (more frequently) האדמה עלפֿני‎ on the face of the ground 6:1; 7:23 etc.; השׂדה פני על‎ Leviticus 17:5; Numbers 19:16; 1 Samuel 14:25 +; after verbs of motion, 11:4 lest we be scattered over the face of all the earth, 11:8; 11:9; Exodus 32:20; Leviticus 14:7 (14:53 אל‎), Isaiah 18:2; 19:8; Amos 5:8; Ezekiel 32:4; Job 5:10 +.

8 מֵעַלמְּֿנֵי‎

a. from before the face of, Genesis 23:3 Abraham rose up מֵתוֺ מְּנֵי מֵעַל‎ from before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; Psalms (פניו‎) פני מֵעַל‎ from before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת‎ 1 Kings 9:7 ("" 2 Chronicles 7:20 השׁליך‎), Jeremiah 15:1, השׁליד‎ 2 Kings 13:23; 24:20 (Jeremiah 52:3), 7:15, נטשׁ‎ 23:39, הסיר‎ 2 Kings 17:18, 23; 23:27; 24:3; Jeremiah 32:31.

b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase הָאֲדָמָה מְּנֵי מֵעַל‎, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., Psalms; Genesis 4:14; 6:7; 7:4; 8:8; Exodus 32:12; Deuteronomy 6:15; 1 Samuel 20:15; 1 Kings 9:7; 13:34; Amos 9:8; Jeremiah 28:16; Zephaniah 1:2-3,.